tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19951797098807032322024-03-21T18:04:55.349-07:00BReederHello! My name is Brian Reeder. I have been interested in breeding domestic plants and animals since early childhood. My main focus of experimentation and research over the last two decades has been domestic fowl. I also work with guppies and plants including Hemerocallis, Iris and Paeonia. I hope to document some of my projects here.Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-67046901495521956222019-07-17T20:50:00.000-07:002019-07-17T22:56:34.899-07:00Characteristics of the Fantail as compared to Wild type<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Characteristics of the Fantail </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>as compared to Wild type</b></span></span></div>
<b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">The wild type is exemplified by the four species of Jungle fowl, with emphasis on the red jungle fowl (which is the standard "wild type", but since all chickens derive through hybridization of the Jungle fowl species, in reality, all four could be considered "wild type").</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_5hxzI5R8pyYnJX0L4-KNqE52Ii3w1S4Mimq7nZRP4Z0-4drx7DmgQrq1cs0jdH_9We9gVH667ZB0mQmL405995nK2XmQE0a7YOhUGzdtS-dDhTb9a-YX0qEDnDdjsh7HUf6Xu88UHP2/s1600/Image+4+finished.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1545" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_5hxzI5R8pyYnJX0L4-KNqE52Ii3w1S4Mimq7nZRP4Z0-4drx7DmgQrq1cs0jdH_9We9gVH667ZB0mQmL405995nK2XmQE0a7YOhUGzdtS-dDhTb9a-YX0qEDnDdjsh7HUf6Xu88UHP2/s400/Image+4+finished.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Red Jungle Fowl pair, showing the horizontal tail angle with a tail that is two blades or segments, each of 5 to 7 main retrices (tail feathers) that are side-by-side, with feather edges perpendicular to horizontal, top edge toward the sky and bottom edge toward the ground. The tail resembles a closed fan or close hand, and may be referred to as a "whip tail", in overall effect, with the tail appearing narrow and only one or two feathers being obvious and generally visible from the side view. When viewed from behind, the two tails touch at top and bottom, or perhaps open only slightly at the bottom edge of the two tails. Such birds can usually open their tails to some extent, fanning it somewhat by spreading the main retrices apart partially and/or also spreading the two tail sections apart at the bottom. Such behavior is often seen in whip tailed hens when they go broody. This whip tailed phenotype is seen in many breeds and is a breed trait of several breeds of chickens including the Modern Games and is common in many Mediterraneans and Long tailed breeds.</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following are random pictures of Jungle fowl I have found online over the years. These all demonstrate the wild type whip tail. Some Jungle fowl will show more fanning to each individual blade or tail segment, while the tail angle can be a bit more above the horizontal in wild type tails with more spread to the sections, but they rarely show much openness at the bottom of the tails as viewed from behind. The fact that the Jungle fowls themselves seem to have some slight variation in tail angle and spread indicates the presence of genetic variability within the genus that allows for plasticity in phenotype and the selection of much more extreme phenotypes in domestic lines.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH2uGi4bmcJhvZZPkqI5J0jrYDpg_lHZt3DSdeCZXaZzAWKEKzz3LjgY1p4UkSvLBYYRcmtOGFL2DmkdMHMTlJEjgJ4_nBg5pCT2tU1WGz_uVOlb2hAw5COGcrY7t4isZlJcd0Cdiz7fNe/s1600/Female1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="574" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH2uGi4bmcJhvZZPkqI5J0jrYDpg_lHZt3DSdeCZXaZzAWKEKzz3LjgY1p4UkSvLBYYRcmtOGFL2DmkdMHMTlJEjgJ4_nBg5pCT2tU1WGz_uVOlb2hAw5COGcrY7t4isZlJcd0Cdiz7fNe/s400/Female1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Red Jungle Fowl hen</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_MEX1mbtiHT1Wa3OXhENgAqXzh_gc8eNPj6cDraTYA_WDVLnwTZANSCweX-ZBWxloB33ap9WB4b1wgr27VsN0Z-qWS_DEqabsyqkOjIrOSYUoKz_Ly8Tes5odVr5_rG_rG0scJx_u0W5G/s1600/IMG_7862.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_MEX1mbtiHT1Wa3OXhENgAqXzh_gc8eNPj6cDraTYA_WDVLnwTZANSCweX-ZBWxloB33ap9WB4b1wgr27VsN0Z-qWS_DEqabsyqkOjIrOSYUoKz_Ly8Tes5odVr5_rG_rG0scJx_u0W5G/s400/IMG_7862.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Sri Lankan Jungle Fowl male</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmMUv8YxVPjPqxakeaZE2UzmTXvEZ_KJGVnOLifqPxpSww4KsQmKjakVJQeOQlCGX_0GTa6k0hZs39CVI9kx7D0zOnk0W4LFGQmw8IRW6-Eh5VkgU5NgfSyzsXoV6zziJs5QgFs0vT1VpO/s1600/Grey_jungle_fowl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="376" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmMUv8YxVPjPqxakeaZE2UzmTXvEZ_KJGVnOLifqPxpSww4KsQmKjakVJQeOQlCGX_0GTa6k0hZs39CVI9kx7D0zOnk0W4LFGQmw8IRW6-Eh5VkgU5NgfSyzsXoV6zziJs5QgFs0vT1VpO/s400/Grey_jungle_fowl.jpg" width="260" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">An excellent shot of a Gray Jungle Fowl male, showing the whip tail and how the two segments of the tails are touching and not at all spread or separated.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7uq6PiW-RScB8d1vQ84JTMi3UwB7UuMl4plG-bUt14P0bbJeR0Z5EDYblPvtqPUOQFrz9wXG3mDs8nCTQ9IXoGz4B024pLy1hcuxqdLck3-LuSGiHnI0f1tt4JQ86QD5bEKm0P3uUKQA/s1600/grey_jungle_fowl_rs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="650" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7uq6PiW-RScB8d1vQ84JTMi3UwB7UuMl4plG-bUt14P0bbJeR0Z5EDYblPvtqPUOQFrz9wXG3mDs8nCTQ9IXoGz4B024pLy1hcuxqdLck3-LuSGiHnI0f1tt4JQ86QD5bEKm0P3uUKQA/s400/grey_jungle_fowl_rs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Gray Jungle Fowl male side shot</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEharJZ5fPcdrlzHcxSUXSf78B7KWLLNg9MWjG7mZisguU_Lkj1w1BbdAUwm_3mrG8DJHjkDoqsfr4ljwZ18PwlUIcNyDZIXpqY8JpfVjIJHsR-Yept0oSFQA9vOaXTm8uKmftsLYHBFZCGo/s1600/RingNeckPheasantEH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEharJZ5fPcdrlzHcxSUXSf78B7KWLLNg9MWjG7mZisguU_Lkj1w1BbdAUwm_3mrG8DJHjkDoqsfr4ljwZ18PwlUIcNyDZIXpqY8JpfVjIJHsR-Yept0oSFQA9vOaXTm8uKmftsLYHBFZCGo/s640/RingNeckPheasantEH.jpg" width="388" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">For comparison, a Ring-necked Pheasant. Also a whip tail, but the feathers are oriented horizontally so that the feather edges are parallel to the ground. This is the most common feather orientation in most birds and in many Gallinaceous birds as well.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcW-hM69ZTvbf2FzD4bNyIpDneNo5k7_m__vpgxXyRykPoxyt3f5-sb1HuEJfH3ojrrYEE7-P3s4wR4Ww5TYEDWu_Jqfa-Cnu7fMettn1rKpEqxeaYZXqlXdv21RMeJxhmGkGL_VFkT-Ec/s1600/WITU-har17Mr07CV_8557-f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="750" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcW-hM69ZTvbf2FzD4bNyIpDneNo5k7_m__vpgxXyRykPoxyt3f5-sb1HuEJfH3ojrrYEE7-P3s4wR4Ww5TYEDWu_Jqfa-Cnu7fMettn1rKpEqxeaYZXqlXdv21RMeJxhmGkGL_VFkT-Ec/s400/WITU-har17Mr07CV_8557-f.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Here in turkeys we see the same horizontal feather orientation as in the pheasant above.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The next group of pictures are of various chickens showing the wild type whip tail, some with higher tail angles. In some instances this is a breed trait, while in others, it is just the expression of the individual bird. These pictures were found over years of scouring the internet and are for educational purposes herein.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq_0QdMi-K8Cnx8_matp4XKGwNX5hAM2rBcrk1V83Y5p5EGTet2aXvGZDrX-w7v_I2SxOm0zG52M_dgzkSOznGiKj_xHisOCN6OFYUjvfgimystd3fXdufe-laeY1K3rzabqRFEGno-7cg/s1600/11-13-08_1617-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq_0QdMi-K8Cnx8_matp4XKGwNX5hAM2rBcrk1V83Y5p5EGTet2aXvGZDrX-w7v_I2SxOm0zG52M_dgzkSOznGiKj_xHisOCN6OFYUjvfgimystd3fXdufe-laeY1K3rzabqRFEGno-7cg/s400/11-13-08_1617-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Old English Game bantam hen</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilMOhSYKlkn6GaIDOU5JZVzECPgqen21HlNh87f_UEwkIIRHZVHL5FPERIfbrn_j3lIub4d9SBDJhO9321ENMrQOGvIxZJbczH8PyyS7axTkWWcDvLkaZ1OyhYIG0pwFVX9QFD8NB8vwJY/s1600/72310520_WipUvDdA_indischevechtkriel01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilMOhSYKlkn6GaIDOU5JZVzECPgqen21HlNh87f_UEwkIIRHZVHL5FPERIfbrn_j3lIub4d9SBDJhO9321ENMrQOGvIxZJbczH8PyyS7axTkWWcDvLkaZ1OyhYIG0pwFVX9QFD8NB8vwJY/s400/72310520_WipUvDdA_indischevechtkriel01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Cornish showing the typical whip tail of the breed.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIO24pbmogRW9zanfcHUTpXf6g6Nyxwa6UHvPmdksbzAtTS1pEcZn9_geConzR0Or41u_j4iDT8PkGg4wyq-ziJ9DjzcBv32ChbYQ9a_v84EaeEhLx2lI7XwHHrPoovkIenSA8rNgczx1B/s1600/BirchAndBlueLgeModPs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="521" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIO24pbmogRW9zanfcHUTpXf6g6Nyxwa6UHvPmdksbzAtTS1pEcZn9_geConzR0Or41u_j4iDT8PkGg4wyq-ziJ9DjzcBv32ChbYQ9a_v84EaeEhLx2lI7XwHHrPoovkIenSA8rNgczx1B/s400/BirchAndBlueLgeModPs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">Modern Games, showing the typical whip ail of the breed. Picture from Feathersite.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgOQGlrEmhcKrpf1mwAM2cGMdqB5R5JVG6G_rOBTZir7Kae21h_HxdElULrV_JrpqnaVbt50xuBRX6LPxuy16nCtPOXHkrjPyfOTQS7809sb-riYiypiOJ17MOeBCylUFYdqfAQq3nJByy/s1600/image30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="151" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgOQGlrEmhcKrpf1mwAM2cGMdqB5R5JVG6G_rOBTZir7Kae21h_HxdElULrV_JrpqnaVbt50xuBRX6LPxuy16nCtPOXHkrjPyfOTQS7809sb-riYiypiOJ17MOeBCylUFYdqfAQq3nJByy/s400/image30.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Serama male showing a very upright but nearly closed whip tail.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVPuoYj2IzpCv2IovpelEfIsf7j4dGAeHYDv_B3hhwluUU9gElh-0ea8IHXbEqUjk6gSa2lfU1M1WDDxELQKuNivynWihBSiH2k0Sm7aj510Esn-J-wIglgWz7YSX0v9W3zaS_olVd5Ocx/s1600/P1000021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="338" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVPuoYj2IzpCv2IovpelEfIsf7j4dGAeHYDv_B3hhwluUU9gElh-0ea8IHXbEqUjk6gSa2lfU1M1WDDxELQKuNivynWihBSiH2k0Sm7aj510Esn-J-wIglgWz7YSX0v9W3zaS_olVd5Ocx/s400/P1000021.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Japanese bantam (Chabo) showing the upright, nearly whip tail.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipddbOfjLLSzNoLFePs0YvrwQuErb7vNvqTF6w2C-Bw3S9-KLn4h2626YnO_T_kBTmlpdleWJ1atpgtMo5AVkpcEoOY9Fyj8PuoDn_3KprXZSD382xeG4QO5Ybits9raenTLE1y8a2wMQV/s1600/pair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="800" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipddbOfjLLSzNoLFePs0YvrwQuErb7vNvqTF6w2C-Bw3S9-KLn4h2626YnO_T_kBTmlpdleWJ1atpgtMo5AVkpcEoOY9Fyj8PuoDn_3KprXZSD382xeG4QO5Ybits9raenTLE1y8a2wMQV/s320/pair.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">A pair of Porcelain D'Uccle showing upright tails that are closed and whip-like.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The next two pictures show the tail that has the higher tail angle with the two tails side-by-side and clamped together, but instead of being the wild type whip, the tail is now two spread fans that are not open from behind, but appear spread and fanned from the side.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyP9L2WFAX2EXlSleE-BlWl_zasDOtL2J0CC2N4fFaqvftWsc0f5X3T9F_SCEshJkIAEr-389ASOmDzACf_ex6mm0PtyMs9ZYwYf5CC6fwe10iacled2SFrkvRY3Pz1ahio56f2D5vzD0/s1600/a+0823171813c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="815" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyP9L2WFAX2EXlSleE-BlWl_zasDOtL2J0CC2N4fFaqvftWsc0f5X3T9F_SCEshJkIAEr-389ASOmDzACf_ex6mm0PtyMs9ZYwYf5CC6fwe10iacled2SFrkvRY3Pz1ahio56f2D5vzD0/s320/a+0823171813c.jpg" width="291" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWpuAi3Y2yD6uGriRbxBp0hT1uguerhkOy9G8FNTKfsW4W9A4C0t_W3jYg2xMegd9hrNgsQyOf4ey4H3Nu9VzT-z15flzsXEartf7jFZJMCSyTOVcYt86bShBeHKAzi-S0AcnJ0GE8_0hH/s1600/a+16923403_1249052485130377_1417877255_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="649" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWpuAi3Y2yD6uGriRbxBp0hT1uguerhkOy9G8FNTKfsW4W9A4C0t_W3jYg2xMegd9hrNgsQyOf4ey4H3Nu9VzT-z15flzsXEartf7jFZJMCSyTOVcYt86bShBeHKAzi-S0AcnJ0GE8_0hH/s320/a+16923403_1249052485130377_1417877255_n.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The next pictures show a slight modification on the above, where the tail is two separate sections side-by-side that are fanned and closed at the top, but somewhat open at the bottom. The level of openness at the bottom can vary from slight (10-15 degrees), to considerable (100-130 degrees, above about 130 degrees of openness, we are beginning to see the true fanned tail).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hpbcP6tEqdtSPOlIhwDmg_5Oci8gSOyrlRj9MjgLjn_FkmcggDHIOPpbVe-q870tDvIt2ycFVapfcFcVI_xniMWXC_g3kYcL9uLZlUiU5dHJuwvqSlq0gPJb2EOA0b5MQOmyedBI4ntY/s1600/a+PUREBPRBANHEN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="600" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hpbcP6tEqdtSPOlIhwDmg_5Oci8gSOyrlRj9MjgLjn_FkmcggDHIOPpbVe-q870tDvIt2ycFVapfcFcVI_xniMWXC_g3kYcL9uLZlUiU5dHJuwvqSlq0gPJb2EOA0b5MQOmyedBI4ntY/s320/a+PUREBPRBANHEN.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBByj3EkD-VYU8EFXfKDE6on6rPHUP9UzLOgqHhfMFWqCAj7k6b4t5xeqb0vF2gngzN65FS9TQjH21_gvLsJ-L-iSYc2EtQgSOlnP7gpaHBX8fofPXWDGsNwK2O-BHO0LSwsttedeSJsKN/s1600/a+gingersilkiebutt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="163" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBByj3EkD-VYU8EFXfKDE6on6rPHUP9UzLOgqHhfMFWqCAj7k6b4t5xeqb0vF2gngzN65FS9TQjH21_gvLsJ-L-iSYc2EtQgSOlnP7gpaHBX8fofPXWDGsNwK2O-BHO0LSwsttedeSJsKN/s320/a+gingersilkiebutt.JPG" width="242" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So what we see above is that wild type tails are low angled and whipped with no spreading, either from the side or from behind. The fantailed phenotype can occur with lower, medium or high tail angles, though it is perhaps most striking and obvious on the high tail angles. The key to the fantail is that first, the two sides of the tail open up, fanning out to make two side-by-side fans that are compressed together. The next change is that those two side-by-side sections open out at the base, often achieving a full 180 degree flatness, though lower levels down to about 130 degrees will still be visually obvious "fantails". The final point is that when the tail opens at the bottom to form the flattened, single broad fan, the feathers actually shift in the socket turning from the wild type vertical orientation to a horizontal orientation that completes the look, making a flat fanned tail in which the feathers are all turned in the orientation of the fanning and the entire tail is wide and spread. Here is a series of pictures showing the changes from wild type to the most extreme versions of fantailed.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl1t037mmhqU8sWSkcIhwsVItdMCG5oL9Sk56MdbqVw-CstGUY6Szw8IIHAmi0eRVX3XB3MiF4bbajQv8I6K7vLVjrXyPIn6TCDCB-KNvpCSubBgnF89-de39R_cuKVPEk5T30AE03mkc2/s1600/grey_jungle_fowl_rs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="650" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl1t037mmhqU8sWSkcIhwsVItdMCG5oL9Sk56MdbqVw-CstGUY6Szw8IIHAmi0eRVX3XB3MiF4bbajQv8I6K7vLVjrXyPIn6TCDCB-KNvpCSubBgnF89-de39R_cuKVPEk5T30AE03mkc2/s400/grey_jungle_fowl_rs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wild type whip tail at horizontal angle</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAkwjlTpuas2W9scBLwCGLA7ynnw9QGSN32BVDOFZulBZjHVzvq4GsN6mKgRAgsVwPAgfdtHqDo4VznI8NNAj_px-sHqyecAbE_VqlzReHRXa9LiVkhV_IydJL9nUwh_LfWdwJUHVmkfUZ/s1600/image30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="151" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAkwjlTpuas2W9scBLwCGLA7ynnw9QGSN32BVDOFZulBZjHVzvq4GsN6mKgRAgsVwPAgfdtHqDo4VznI8NNAj_px-sHqyecAbE_VqlzReHRXa9LiVkhV_IydJL9nUwh_LfWdwJUHVmkfUZ/s400/image30.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whip tail at vertical angle</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyP9L2WFAX2EXlSleE-BlWl_zasDOtL2J0CC2N4fFaqvftWsc0f5X3T9F_SCEshJkIAEr-389ASOmDzACf_ex6mm0PtyMs9ZYwYf5CC6fwe10iacled2SFrkvRY3Pz1ahio56f2D5vzD0/s1600/a+0823171813c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="815" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyP9L2WFAX2EXlSleE-BlWl_zasDOtL2J0CC2N4fFaqvftWsc0f5X3T9F_SCEshJkIAEr-389ASOmDzACf_ex6mm0PtyMs9ZYwYf5CC6fwe10iacled2SFrkvRY3Pz1ahio56f2D5vzD0/s320/a+0823171813c.jpg" width="291" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tail fanned but not opened when viewed from behind. Note individual tail feathers are oriented with edges vertical.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVQ4m0CiOT1-LMG8CCYewoQSpbIndvMidULke8JYwd6aNYewNHKzgl_2C3RCZKhEwMM0uLv443qkQRtK_0MorAmQp7kgiNPt8_JpAhaJ6PuWXmcfoct0RBU-AQCfK7_gT3eE7bLxEYzSZ/s1600/e+chickensa2008+025.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1245" data-original-width="1600" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVQ4m0CiOT1-LMG8CCYewoQSpbIndvMidULke8JYwd6aNYewNHKzgl_2C3RCZKhEwMM0uLv443qkQRtK_0MorAmQp7kgiNPt8_JpAhaJ6PuWXmcfoct0RBU-AQCfK7_gT3eE7bLxEYzSZ/s400/e+chickensa2008+025.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">High tail angle with each side spread and partially open from behind</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHAXvBD_9BTw1dAXiR-2_o05jWCbV__a9xPTcsrvv_N2TMbILmQtayEMLFk345E7K4e9HPqRVFLY0No9FBLSRsaX7ZlRD3qZqcTD9F2EI7pwU_XQl9O25E89qpUDZg9cENJdQBpDsboUB/s1600/f+DSCF8530.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1205" data-original-width="1076" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHAXvBD_9BTw1dAXiR-2_o05jWCbV__a9xPTcsrvv_N2TMbILmQtayEMLFk345E7K4e9HPqRVFLY0No9FBLSRsaX7ZlRD3qZqcTD9F2EI7pwU_XQl9O25E89qpUDZg9cENJdQBpDsboUB/s400/f+DSCF8530.JPG" width="356" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">High tail angle with each side spread and partially open from behind, more open than the hen above</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1xiwp5Wb-eFhoTtVUZYVccHgoVrF0Uzae-2fT0InF9ZO9m1YwYytcE9m7ujEhgm1oOm5PEj913p35bN-g4QBXGbj8WaTO7bYnFuWpqZ6gWBGVOObpskZ2yFJ4fAxNzfwTQKna0D46exj/s1600/a+SatsuM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="333" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1xiwp5Wb-eFhoTtVUZYVccHgoVrF0Uzae-2fT0InF9ZO9m1YwYytcE9m7ujEhgm1oOm5PEj913p35bN-g4QBXGbj8WaTO7bYnFuWpqZ6gWBGVOObpskZ2yFJ4fAxNzfwTQKna0D46exj/s400/a+SatsuM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Completely opened fantail at wildtype low angle. Note that the individual tail feathers are turned in the socket to align with the tail and so sickles curve over on a flat plain rather than vertically from the side as in wildtype tails.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3LN_4o662at7EdT6dqyqDp3AvWbb2RpQcPYrFn4ssge9sHQViEvx4n8tRWF-3c-noc7GWiQzlLacXrf6lVmaoH67dlocqQWZ6dZnZyPfo8M4T5TYSbdE-0sCdTobTwnYBzT7xNn6uixu/s1600/g+100_1880.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1567" data-original-width="1204" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3LN_4o662at7EdT6dqyqDp3AvWbb2RpQcPYrFn4ssge9sHQViEvx4n8tRWF-3c-noc7GWiQzlLacXrf6lVmaoH67dlocqQWZ6dZnZyPfo8M4T5TYSbdE-0sCdTobTwnYBzT7xNn6uixu/s400/g+100_1880.JPG" width="306" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fanned tail as a medium angle</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPyxhCf7Pv_VC-94nM4lTxVjaRTKTCDMFHvkVl7qWkC1mmUKps-vigSbrDUuGCp3JEMlFccPA0AL6BHQaLNYVn4vpTQcGbKql8OYeYW7P_5htHquPrsIFe_3JdJmlFP5F3685ueMSjN4xX/s1600/serama+original+fantailed+male+behind+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="556" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPyxhCf7Pv_VC-94nM4lTxVjaRTKTCDMFHvkVl7qWkC1mmUKps-vigSbrDUuGCp3JEMlFccPA0AL6BHQaLNYVn4vpTQcGbKql8OYeYW7P_5htHquPrsIFe_3JdJmlFP5F3685ueMSjN4xX/s320/serama+original+fantailed+male+behind+crop.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFfmynj4vqRPbLa6U77LlenPJw_ePZNu6wgWMfvDFmS99J46OtLsAer5QOPiDiA3hnMPnyy8r5XC3_Er_JrTGW7W6zP9tCD9adD1Gao9W8SA1XmcKKtRyePMksk5QsXgk0htayc2As-zBb/s1600/a+serama+Picture+097.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="859" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFfmynj4vqRPbLa6U77LlenPJw_ePZNu6wgWMfvDFmS99J46OtLsAer5QOPiDiA3hnMPnyy8r5XC3_Er_JrTGW7W6zP9tCD9adD1Gao9W8SA1XmcKKtRyePMksk5QsXgk0htayc2As-zBb/s320/a+serama+Picture+097.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fully fanned tail on a Serama. Note the tail is at a high, vertical angle, the two sides of the tail are joined into one open plain and the feathers are turned in the socket to flow with the orientation of the plain of the two tails, now joined into one large, single fan.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4sNkbernfY9JnhtSk4zvMQ5LF2gehHoANxV8VV9fRMQ-F0bIDT0VaVaS_3v78aon62XtECv1w9RROE1_QT1py4dACUR0sTNv0Xn2mVpl5MtDaqSheZ4nshQs5yS2xMPneocQPgWdHsrmK/s1600/f+DSCF8519g.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="671" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4sNkbernfY9JnhtSk4zvMQ5LF2gehHoANxV8VV9fRMQ-F0bIDT0VaVaS_3v78aon62XtECv1w9RROE1_QT1py4dACUR0sTNv0Xn2mVpl5MtDaqSheZ4nshQs5yS2xMPneocQPgWdHsrmK/s320/f+DSCF8519g.JPG" width="194" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA9aQmoSiQ0OvSs8E3C7JZDxGQ39LPaBBoVoajNEy6vBEmGHtxOrYCjH76aoDs8iFn2ri_E_vPnxl-heD9IUNUhbQkVCSaloSOKU6vZFKvmUxDgczRHm30OFP9q3mNgz5oQru-pY0nkezZ/s1600/DSCF8519.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1450" data-original-width="860" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA9aQmoSiQ0OvSs8E3C7JZDxGQ39LPaBBoVoajNEy6vBEmGHtxOrYCjH76aoDs8iFn2ri_E_vPnxl-heD9IUNUhbQkVCSaloSOKU6vZFKvmUxDgczRHm30OFP9q3mNgz5oQru-pY0nkezZ/s320/DSCF8519.JPG" width="189" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A nearly fully fanned tail, open at about 130 degree. High angle, opened segments, nearly flat plain to the two tails and feathers are turned in the socket, though the curve of the sickles has not reoriented in all the sickles as in the Satsuma-dori above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Langshan showing the high angle and fully fanned tail along with feathers reoriented in the socket and the curve changed to run on the flat plain of the sickles, rather than on the vertical as in regular rooster sickles.</span></div>
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Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-55308941733421709192019-04-22T00:15:00.000-07:002019-07-17T22:59:08.964-07:00Fantailed Chickens<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Fantailed Chickens</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">The full fantail as seen on a Serama rooster from the back view. You can see that all the changes from wild type associated with the fantail phenotype are present such as high tail angle, left and right tail segment orientation shifted to open and flattened, feather orientation readjusted to run with the plane of the tail and permanently spread (fanned) tail segments. This was not a pose. His tail was like this all the time.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: start;">This blog post looks at a few fantailed birds, some from well-known breeds, some from more obscure breeds and others are birds that I have had or produced.</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Fantailed Langshan showing an extreme fanned tail. This type of tail os considered 'non-standard' to Langshan breeders, but they occur in most lines, indicating recessive genes at work that are carried by birds showing the standard tail. However, it must be pointed out that the standard Langshan tail still shows several of the fantailed traits - High tail angle, tail segments opened at the base and individual feather orientation modifications. It is only a step or two from the standard Landshan tail tot he fully fantailed form, mainly a further shift in individual feather orientation and further flattening (opening) of the two individual tail segments. The standard Langshan tail form can be called a vase-shaped tail, while the bird above shows a fan-shaped tail. The later is simply a more extreme (further modified) version of the former. Side view of the same male below.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b>This male Cochin tail is a fan-shaped tail over a large amount of fluff positioned below the fan-shaped tail. This was a "dark" phenotype, being a melanized Partridge on the eb (brown) e-allele, which I received with some Partridge chicks. An effort had been made to improve the type of the Partridge by going out to some of the best black lines, so the recessive melanizers appeared in those lines for a long time afterward. The type of these "dark" birds were greatly improved over the original Partridge line, and very nice Partridge also came from that work. I was lucky enough to get a pair of these to work with from 5 Partridge chicks I received. These two showed both high disease resistance and good vigor. The male (pictured above) by chance showed several of the fantail traits, as do many of the Asiatics such as Cochins, Brahmas, Langshan and Silkie. The hen (pictured below) had a fairly normal, pinched tail, though at a slightly higher tail angle than in the wild type. She had the normal cochin fluff and her tail had the look I associate with hatchery lines of Cochins. She was a remarkable bird though, with many fine traits and an excellent breeder.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Exhibition Cochin Bantams showing the wide spread, laterally flattened tail form over the large amount of under fluff common to exhibition lines. These fanned tails are at a lower angle than those seen in Serama or Langshan, because the breed standard for Cochin calls for a somewhat lower tail angle.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>I have not bred chickens since 2012. I have been breeding pigeons since 2015. I am finding the pigeons to be a much better fit for my current housing limitations. In my breeding work with pigeons I am also focusing on fantailed phenotypes. I hope to compare the expression of the genes for fanned tail in chickens with those in the pigeon. This affords me the opportunity to make comparative observations of the identical phenotype in another genus.</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Ginger red Silkie male showing a wide opened tail spread, again filled with the heavy fluff as in the Cochins above.</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Enjoy the fantails shown in this blog! I will have more to say about the phenotype and the apparent genetic factors that lie behind it in several upcoming blogs.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">First generation cross of the "dark" Cochin hen (see above) x Dark Brahma male. In this instance, the male Brahma I had showed a partial fantail. This first generation male shows a full fantail, with short feathering and at a moderately high tail angle. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A Serama showing a substantially open fanned tail. This one has full spread across the back of the tail, with the view from the back only being slightly cupped.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A New Hampshire bantam male showing a spread tail that is quite opened from side to side as seen from the back. The tail angle is only just above horizontal. The fanned tail can occur at any tail angle, as we see in the Cubalaya where the fanned tail at a low angle is called a "lobster claw" tail.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">This picture from Barry Koffler's</span><span style="color: white;"> <a href="https://www.feathersite.com/">Feathersite</a></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> shows a Ma Lai bantam from Vietnam, translated as "Hand Fantail" (the tail is said to look like a hand held up and spread like a fan). In this hen-feathered cock bird we see all the traits combined - High tail angle, </span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">left and right tail segment orientation opened, feather orientation turned to flatten the feathers and permanently spread (fanned) tail segments. This is the only breed I know of that is specifically selected for the fanned tail.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b>A photo of a stunning Japanese Satsuma-dori by Uichiro Sakamoto, taken from the internet for educational and comparative purposes. This breed often shows fanned tails, especially in the red-black variety. This is a lovely fanned tail at a lower angle. Many Oriental Games show a tail like this, though often less glorious than in the Satsuma. The Satsuma is the only other breed I know of in which the fanned tail is acknowledged and not selected against. I suspect there may be other obscure breeds that show the trait as a major positively-selected phenotype trait. However, it seems to be fairly common in a number of exhibition breeds where partial expression of some of the traits involved, making fuller, rounder tails. Chabo (Japanese bantam), Cochin, Serama, Brahma, Langshan, Cubalaya, as well as within descendants from the Asiatics such as Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Rock and Wyandotte breeds. Even modern commercial sex-links can show some of the traits associated with fantails when they have descent from Rock and New Hampshire or Rhode Island Red. I have even seen partial fantail traits in Cornish/Rock cross commercial meat birds, again, due to their descent from Rocks, which in turn descend from the old fashioned Cochin-China fowl of the 1840s, as do so many of the other breeds I have mentioned above. </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A Barred Plymouth Rock bantam hen showing a fanned tail where each side of the tail is spread, but the orientation of the two tail segments is only open at the base, and not completely spread out into the visually flattened tail when viewed from behind. Tails like this are much more common than the full fan tails, and such birds are usefully in a breeding program for the full fantails. The Asiatics are the common source for the fanned tail - including the Cochin family, the Oriental Games and Asian bantams. The Plymouth Rock descends directly from imported Chittagong/Cochin type birds crossed onto local barred stocks in the Northeast of the US in the mid to late 1800s.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A Golden Sebright rooster showing a wide fanned tail, but presented as two separate segments side-by-side. The tail angle is fairly high. As viewed from behind, this tail was two separate fans that touched each other at the top and were spread apart about fifteen to twenty degrees at the base. So this bird shows the high tail angle and the feathers fanned within the two segments, but it lacks the opened tail that turns the two tail segments into one wide fan, and it lacks the factor that turns the feathers into a plane of orientation with the opened tail. This is still a lovely tail, and is a fanned tail but does not represent all the genetic changes from wild type that exemplify the most extreme versions that mimic a fantailed pigeon, or a turkey or peacock with tail or train spread.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Another example of the tail as two separate segments, with each segment fanned and spread wide. This is the same type of tail as seen in the picture above of the Sebright rooster. This hen had a fairly closed tail though, when viewed from behind, with very little opening at the bottom of the two tail segments as viewed from behind the bird. We see such tails fairly frequently in a great many breeds and these traits are part of the full fantailed phenotype, so they can be used in breeding toward true fanned tails.</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>From this point on, all </b><b>the</b><b> pictures </b><b>represent</b><b> birds from my own breeding program. These birds are later-generation blends of multiple family lines. Their ancestry includes the Serama male at the top of the page, as well as the large fowl "Dark" Cochins and Dark Brahma line mentioned above. Interestingly, these lines shown below do not include any Langshan ancestry. They also include several lines of Phoenix, as well as Silkie and several other bantam components such as New Hampshire </b></span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">and </b><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Buff Rock bantams. There are other breeds in </b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>the</b></span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"> ancestry as well from large fowl breeds, such as Golden Wyandotte and red/white sex-links.</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kDtfBkdq7-_PCthfg3LvfkOsfy_gv6TpaHjKMtdAIP5y0yVAtIj-qwc7f2KONAZsAa9RxIG5Vy-Hyqic0XiGSyA-Wc5Q_o-CBQjmx_9-KC7O1c9764nG7P7ui-rNXGAs23uEg0IdrWMw/s1600/b+Picture+292.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="554" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kDtfBkdq7-_PCthfg3LvfkOsfy_gv6TpaHjKMtdAIP5y0yVAtIj-qwc7f2KONAZsAa9RxIG5Vy-Hyqic0XiGSyA-Wc5Q_o-CBQjmx_9-KC7O1c9764nG7P7ui-rNXGAs23uEg0IdrWMw/s400/b+Picture+292.jpg" width="357" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Partially fanned tail in a Cochin/Phoenix F1 rooster. Very attractive and fairly open at the bottom from behind, perhaps 100 degrees in spread at the bottom feathers when fully extended.</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbY8q92ZbFKGwESqu3p4gMbRzMz-iqrQIjStlcPfWd-8jGUUj5gOXMlbKCTYsz1YWXXnZfrfOnBqUHQO_2m4WiYow_O241czzOLRclLlclS4TfiDWsf7KXWp6KA2Y-z5P8m1Tx22Yhi-M/s1600/b+Picture+303.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="494" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbY8q92ZbFKGwESqu3p4gMbRzMz-iqrQIjStlcPfWd-8jGUUj5gOXMlbKCTYsz1YWXXnZfrfOnBqUHQO_2m4WiYow_O241czzOLRclLlclS4TfiDWsf7KXWp6KA2Y-z5P8m1Tx22Yhi-M/s400/b+Picture+303.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Full sibling to the rooster above, and also showing a partially fanned tail. Cochin/Phoenix cross. The hen behind him is a select individual bird from commercial red/white sex-links. She was an exceptional layer, extremely disease resistant and of gentle disposition. Her tail also shows a partial opening from behind at the bottom of each tail segment with the top only touching along the upper webbing of the first feathers at the top on each side of the segments.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A later-generation blend of multiple breeds from my own breeding program</span></b><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">, granddaughters of the two birds in the picture directly above (Cochin/Phoenix F1 male x red/white sex-link hen),</span></b><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> showing a tail as two segments that are partially open at the base while touching at the top and each segment fanned. This hen produced offspring showing the fully fanned fantails. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Son from the hens above showing a much wider opening at the base of the two tail segments, along with the fanning of each segment.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Another son of the hen above showing the fully spread tail with all four traits - <span style="color: #9fc5e8;">high tail angle, left and right tail segment orientation opened, feather orientation turned in socket to make a smooth, flattened spread and permanently spread out (fanned) tail segments.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A view of the male above from behind showing the visual effect of the fully fanned tail. This tail form is static in this type. It does not close. This is the way the tail looks all the time. Even when the bird is perching on a branch, the tail may close a bit in balancing, but never closes beyond about 60 degrees in openness. In the picture at the top of this blog, the Serama male is shown perched on a bamboo pole. Even perching there, where the tail is used as part of the ballast to create balance for the bird on the perch, the tail doesn't really close very much at all. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Same rooster again, this time as a mature bird.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A daughter of the male above showing partial fanning. Fanning seems to be easier to achieve in males than in females. Once it is set in the females of a line though, it seems to reproduce consistently.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b>This is the son of the hen just above, from the partially crested male two pictures above. He shows much better tail fanning than either parent, though they each express some of the genes and carry the others that make the full phenotype. A cockerel in this picture, the tail was longer in the adult bird. Note how the individual main tail feathers are turned in comparison to wild type feathers, and also note how the sickles are coming over the fanned main tail feathers lying flat, showing that they are turned in orientation as well. In the full phenotype, the main tail feathers, the sickles and secondaries turn to lie in orientation with the tail. I have seen intermediate types where the tail is fanned, but the feathers are not turned and they look like individual blades, with edges oriented to sky and ground. These types do not give the nice, clean effect of the turned feathers in the spread tail creating the 'fan' form.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b>A daughter of the hen above backcrossed to her father, showing a partial fan where the two sides of the tail are well spread and there is some opening at the base of the tail. The spread of the individual segments is impressive though, and the tail consists of seven main tail feathers and a main sickle on both sides. Multiple feathering is a major breed trait of fantailed pigeon. Many of the exhibition breeds where fantails and their component parts can be found exploit multiple feathering in the tails to produce fuller effects. Most Asiatics (Cochin/Langshan/Brahma) will tend toward multiple feathering.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">A cockerel, full brother to the pullet just above, a cross from the red and white hen back to her fantailed father. This male shows several of the genes making up the full fanned tail, but not all of them. The open fan is missing in this bird. However, you can see the turned feathers, cascading back and across the turned main tail feathers. Multiple feathering is apparent, as is the lift of the tail. The tail is fairly open across the lower back, at about 90 degrees. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Full brother, but one year younger, to the cockerel above, fanned tail showing most of the traits, but lacking the completely flattened tail segments. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Full brother to the cockerel above, a young cockerel, showing a nice fantail.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Two sibling cockerels from behind. These tails can take a full two years to fully mature. Their father, the most extreme fantail I raised to maturity, was less extreme in his first year (picture below). Langshan, Cochin and Brahma tend to take a couple of years to grow into their full feathering, and this line was the same in taking two years to mature. Bantams didn't seem to take two years to grow in, and Serama showing this tail type are sometimes quite extreme from an early age.</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Come back to read more blogs on this phenotype. We will be looking at a host of subjects in relation to the fantailed chickens in subsequent posts. To keep track of this series, bookmark the main page for the series, of which this is the first post. Enjoy the pictures! I hope they whet your appetite for more. </span></b></div>
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Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-11302891315602279492014-03-19T14:15:00.000-07:002014-03-19T21:15:57.047-07:00Visual "White" in Chicken Varieties<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="text-align: center;">Visual “White”
in Chickens</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Brian Reeder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It is so important to remember that all visually white areas
on chickens are not the same thing. There are at least three major categories
of “white”, plus a fourth group, a catchall for other genes that produce very
specific white areas on the fowl. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">Silver – in this context, silver is when
pheomelanin (either/both sex-linked or autosomal) is diluted, suppressed or
inhibited to turn red/gold/salmon pigment to lighter shades, and in the most
extreme cases, to clean visual white. Amongst the genes that do this, the best
known is sex-linked silver (S). However, S, on its own, is not enough to make a
clean white visual phenotype. Along with sex-linked silver, there is also the
inhibitor of autosomal pheomelanin (formerly referred to as ap+ in my writings,
now referred to as Aph^I – Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin). This gene
inhibits the expression of autosomal pheomelanin and further helps to create
the “clean white” that hobbyists desire on their silver varieties.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><b>A clean "white" silver - this imported Ismer German Phoenix rooster showed the clean white Silver that all the imported Ismer Phoenix expressed.</b></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDLAMLiEgao8tqB1UTwpCkGGjMOB3xAOgmXdLNF9YRfVhPAfu4wwv4okGDvAG-iWi4Z1mpcNaJGaCmjYIMyjp0sKjp5znNK-amMPuiZyksxgNZpMGtoMn-tW5afhSHkGPjVQ5eNlPkLkwT/s1600/Apapplushen.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDLAMLiEgao8tqB1UTwpCkGGjMOB3xAOgmXdLNF9YRfVhPAfu4wwv4okGDvAG-iWi4Z1mpcNaJGaCmjYIMyjp0sKjp5znNK-amMPuiZyksxgNZpMGtoMn-tW5afhSHkGPjVQ5eNlPkLkwT/s1600/Apapplushen.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcfSCWOSK14bUkdKvkpjOFPnNNQM3EpY-6SGWobUsJiUg5uteoBgtpVsVoJrGbRJ8q4VIKVf2KZ3EhI-kLDMutMn2nv5V31nSeJnUFW2ek__WwPWgMMgFWPzeBnkwvrd7Y2Y4RBagJJWa/s1600/applusApfemale.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcfSCWOSK14bUkdKvkpjOFPnNNQM3EpY-6SGWobUsJiUg5uteoBgtpVsVoJrGbRJ8q4VIKVf2KZ3EhI-kLDMutMn2nv5V31nSeJnUFW2ek__WwPWgMMgFWPzeBnkwvrd7Y2Y4RBagJJWa/s1600/applusApfemale.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>A silver duckwing Phoenix hen showing expression of the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin. Note the absence of any salmon tones in the breast. All of her plumage is cool tones with no warm tones, which is the hallmark of Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin expression.</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In addition to these two major genes, dilution
factors contribute to the cleanest white silver forms. The two recognized
factors involved in this function are Dilute (Di) and cream (ig). Both are
frequently extracted from clean “white” silver lines. Columbian (Co) and Dark
brown (Db – ginger) both work with pheomelanin to extend it into eumelanic
areas. Co has a strong repression effect on Aph and Mh and interacts most
strongly with sex-linked pheomelanin. Db has a stronger interaction with Aph,
but when Co and Db are together on the same bird, Co will tend to have a
stronger effect, especially when S (sex-linked silver are present). Columbian
can suppress the expression of Aph and Mh on the body of the bird when S is
homozygous, without the presence of Aph^I. However, when Aph^I and Co are
together with S, then the effect will be a very clean “white” silver Columbian
or Columbian derivative (silver laced). All of these described forms of “white”
are based on pheomelanic pigment inhibition/dilution and are thus referred to
loosely as “silver” or “silvering factors”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">The next type of “white” is that which is made
on eumelanin. In this type of white, eumelanic pigment is changed to visual
white. There are several genes that do this and each likely has a different
pathway to achieving its end. I group these together because the effect is
achieved on eumelanic feathering. Some of these genes may have a mild dilution
effect on pheomelanin, but it is generally slight and none of them will turn
pheomelanic pigment to white. They only turn black feathers to white.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The <b><i>first</i></b> of these is dominant white
(I). One dose of this gene will turn a black feather white with a few black
specks. Two doses (homozygote) turns a black feather solid white, but it has
little effect on pheomelanin and is used in the hobby to create red and white
phenotypes such as “red pyle” (s+ e+ agouti e-allele with all black areas
become white and the red areas remaining red), white laced red (a darker red
version of golden laced in which the black areas have become white, but the red
areas remain red) and Golden Neck (Mille fleur which is mottling on a Db s+ eb
base with dominant white added so that you have a red bird with white mottling
tips on the ends of feathers). </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX2ZObB8dO4Dd6YP9Qv5VdHhrr448LIMaNOS26ttg-aNw3Yj-CqpYB2Pa2RkRogCxCnzwHOUf-wGK7tD-507FwC2JQnmG9Zf8qT1V-l-3Qdkz-NBIiBb9HTehP8iKyi7-BbZnqhsqDhlEz/s1600/whitecochincornrockmale.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX2ZObB8dO4Dd6YP9Qv5VdHhrr448LIMaNOS26ttg-aNw3Yj-CqpYB2Pa2RkRogCxCnzwHOUf-wGK7tD-507FwC2JQnmG9Zf8qT1V-l-3Qdkz-NBIiBb9HTehP8iKyi7-BbZnqhsqDhlEz/s1600/whitecochincornrockmale.JPG" height="400" width="300" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>Dominant white heterozygote on an E/E self-black base. Notice the black flecks in the white plumage. This is a Cornish/Rock x Black Cochin F1.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4RDdb5pMizVXwROuNIMLF1QTzpOPZYRm7yAgqixoZ2UVV1bBF9vdLsqMBOt4vAYurGHwD4iYITpA0eY-bT9jrXLKmsbty9iX8n4vLDu0AzV9uGELEaPh5j3LtEF-JWdjSIY-hG3mFpSdC/s1600/Picture+647.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4RDdb5pMizVXwROuNIMLF1QTzpOPZYRm7yAgqixoZ2UVV1bBF9vdLsqMBOt4vAYurGHwD4iYITpA0eY-bT9jrXLKmsbty9iX8n4vLDu0AzV9uGELEaPh5j3LtEF-JWdjSIY-hG3mFpSdC/s1600/Picture+647.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>The male in this picture shows dominant white with pheomelanin, demonstrating that dominant white removes eumelanin but does not remove pheomelanin.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The <b><i>second</i></b> of these is blue (Bl), which
when heterozygous produces a grey feather from black feathers, but when
homozygous becomes a smoky white with flecks of black and blue coloring in
varying levels. Blue has little effect on pheomelanin, only diluting it
slightly. Blue can interact with any other color/pattern form, just as dominant
white does. So, with a homozygote for blue, (called splash in the hobby) one
can make the white laced red, golden neck or red Pyle facsimile similar to
those described above. However, this white will not be as clean as with dominant
white, showing some cloudiness and flecks of black/blue, appearing much like
the dominant white heterozygote. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The <b><i>third</i></b> gene in this group is dun
(I^D), which is an allele of dominant white, occurring at the I–locus. The
heterozygote turns all black feathers to a dull brown color, while the
homozygote turns black to a near white with a shading of creamy brown and some
flacks of dun as in the blue homozygote. Again, as in the two above examples,
the homozygote can combine with any of the other color/patterns to make a
facsimile of red pyle, white laced red or golden neck, amongst many others. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There is also a <b><i>fourth</i></b> gene, coming from
Red Shoulder Yokohama, which behaves much the same as these three listed above.
I tentatively dubbed it RSY^D (Red Shoulder Yokohamas Diluter) in 2003. In the
homozygote, black areas become white, while in the heterozygote, the black
areas range in a hodge-podge from black and blue to white in no discernible pattern or recognizable distribution. The most notable and commonly seen expression
of this trait is white in the base of tail feathers in otherwise colored birds.
I suspect this gene must be heavily modified as it has a wide range of
expressions in regards to the amount of both white and/or bluish pigment that
may be seen in heterozygotes. I suspect this trait is seen in many lines where
white tail bases are a problem, as well as in many pit game lines where white
tail bases are common. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In addition to Red Shouldered Yokohama, I have also
extracted this gene from White Yokohama and White Sultans (though all White Yokohamas and White Sultans I have worked with do not have this factor). This factor has also apparently
been extracted from some white Minohiki, which is no surprise, as the Red
Shouldered Yokohama and White Yokohama (which also frequently carries this
factor under the recessive white, just like the white Minohiki seems to) is a
direct descendant of Japanese Minohiki. Some have felt this is a type of mottling, but it is more
likely that the white birds that carry this trait also carry mottling, as we
see in the R. S. and White Yokohama and many other lines of white fowl, and
that this gene is in fact a eumelanin diluter that creates “splashing” in the
heterozygote state, but can be selected into a pure white expression that replaces eumelanin with visual white but not the pheomelanin, as we see in the Red Shouldered Yokohamas. Perhaps some lines of White Minohiki are just the RSD^Y factor homozygous and selected for a pure white expression in combination with Silver pheomelanin and the Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin thus making the self-white phenotype. In either case, mottling could easily be masked in the homozygous state or carried in a recessive state as we see in many white lines of various breeds.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpPyIPf1Z9eAcQfpvXVEn5piQwBDprwBbGVgs2MCFR5PyOzEjXhFAecwYDAGHyxQkKAFTk9H34g1ZhLOxKh3LwUGO_8PAqKlbP2ankoFCt-cenmGkxZ0gtragWFBeuOg-AAAl-jn0FjgLG/s1600/redwhitevar11.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpPyIPf1Z9eAcQfpvXVEn5piQwBDprwBbGVgs2MCFR5PyOzEjXhFAecwYDAGHyxQkKAFTk9H34g1ZhLOxKh3LwUGO_8PAqKlbP2ankoFCt-cenmGkxZ0gtragWFBeuOg-AAAl-jn0FjgLG/s1600/redwhitevar11.bmp" height="301" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>Here we see an American Longtail of Phoenix type that is expressing the RSY^D dilution factor in a heterozygous state on a red duckwing background with one dose of Dark brown (Db - ginger), also coming from the RSY. This is an F2 and is 1/4 Red Shoulder Yokohama (recessive white phoenix x RSY X red duckwing phoenix). Note how the areas that would typically be black are white with black splashed through it. This bird could easily be mistaken for pyle, which is based on dominant white on red duckwing.</b></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJyM4QGAiQLyArBboTs6SIFHx8isJbpcRy2Jb7Pl2EZO5S6SzIdHITSzv_wxlusSYKFrQNS1rveSIcczkLN4UpmTSSYgnoFf_PQiRrc5lkYEvi0lg0EfaOjyXYsbojjD1huNmcj18lOcSC/s1600/varroselongtail.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJyM4QGAiQLyArBboTs6SIFHx8isJbpcRy2Jb7Pl2EZO5S6SzIdHITSzv_wxlusSYKFrQNS1rveSIcczkLN4UpmTSSYgnoFf_PQiRrc5lkYEvi0lg0EfaOjyXYsbojjD1huNmcj18lOcSC/s1600/varroselongtail.bmp" height="400" width="356" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>Here we see a picture </b></i></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>(albeit poor)</b></i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b> of an American Longtail expressing the RSY^D factor in a heterozygous state on a golden duckwing background. This male shows the "blue, black and white" expression of eumelanin that can occur with this gene. Note that the breast is bluish and the tail and sickles are white and black.</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsIkZqjqRPLVI_oTjtpCTqp2rI91QcKpF-2rMBtumfGdqZv_8Fjau34PWfeaqYcQNgWvGkhvd_VFunVN20yE4LhJ-9HuK8Uouu_wRKYPwUaZUbgyXvNkRaecglFf0ZED1qGhfX5NMRl7_O/s1600/7816cec6_47748_yomatra_splash.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">To see more pictures from the web of Yokohama F1 crosses showing the expression of heterozygous RSY^D go to </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.backyardchickens.com/t/289512/longtail-croosing" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">this thread </span></a>on <span style="color: white;">Backyard Chickens Message Board</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. In the first post, the third bird down, which is Blue Sumatra x White Yokohama, would be E/e+ at the e-allele and is probably S/s+ at the s-allele and melanized. Note how the RSY^D gene expresses as a pied or splash phenotype when heterozygous on this heavily melanized background with dilution of the pheomelanin. This bird could easily be mistaken for a splash from blue breeding, for an "over colored" exchequer-type mottling or as a Dominant white heterozygote. This is a beautiful bird and illustrates this effect perfectly. </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">You can also see two more roosters showing the RSY^D heterozygous effect on the thread. The are the two birds in the fourth and fifth pictures on the first post. Note that they are F1 backcrosses to the Yokohama, making them 1/4 Sumatra and 3/4 Yokohama. Note the similarity of dilution to the two males I have pictured above which are 1/4 Yokohama and 3/4 Phoenix. This form of dilution seems to be very persistent and can continue to express many generations after the initial outcross to Yokohama, finally expressing as nothing more than white in the base of the tail on an otherwise normal bird. A Google image search of 'Phoenix' or 'Yokohama' will turn up many pictures of birds showing this factor from crosses of Phoenix and other long tailed breeds Yokohama.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As a <b><i>final point</i></b>, for any of the genes in
this category to make a solid white chicken, there must be no red/gold/salmon
pheomelanin (i.e., no sex-linked or autosomal pheomelanin) expressed. Thus, a
fully clean silver bird that is silver “white” and black can have these genes
added to make a solid white bird or any of these genes can be layered on top of
a solid black bird, even if red is present but covered with eumelanin to
produce a solid white phenotype. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It is important to remember that such solid
white birds are the product of <b><i>both </i></b>eumelanic and pheomelanic
pathways and while they are visually simply white, they are using both the
silver pathway and the eumelanic suppression pathway to get to the solid white
visual phenotype. Many modification genes such as Columbian, mottling, Dark
brown, Blue, Dun, Barring and/or eumelanic extenders (Ml, “rb”, etc.) may also
be present to help create an under-coloring that is more easily whitened by
these dominant eumelanic inhibitor genes. One well-known example of such a
white phenotype is the White Leghorn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">The third group of white genes is those that
remove both eumelanin and pheomelanin. These are the “recessive white” genes. Generally
speaking, these are deletion genes or knockout genes. The </span><b style="font-size: x-large; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i>first</i></b><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;"> of these is
recessive white ( c ) and is a well-known, and well-documented gene in both the
hobby and research circles. This gene, when homozygous, removes all types of
melanin, producing a solid white bird. The gene is recessive, so the
heterozygote shows no effect.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuMZ60yL5PUJ17agfXfgWDJnwDze07N1nYdV9-gSp0p-Q6ZI-SjJMjzYS4xrHhRypnaZGNMcja8XPUNid8r8jKelL9s2agOPYDsg-tOu4biBLg3inSp9BPcN953m8_6kORGbEdnnBcJgqC/s1600/white2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuMZ60yL5PUJ17agfXfgWDJnwDze07N1nYdV9-gSp0p-Q6ZI-SjJMjzYS4xrHhRypnaZGNMcja8XPUNid8r8jKelL9s2agOPYDsg-tOu4biBLg3inSp9BPcN953m8_6kORGbEdnnBcJgqC/s1600/white2.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A recessive white phoenix</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The <b><i>second</i></b> is a less well-known
recessive white. This form is not an allele of the better-known gene c. This
gene removes all eumelanin and most pheomelanin, though a small bit of
autosomal pheomelanin can show through, when such is present, giving a pale,
ghostly peach/pink effect in the areas where it is expressed, notably, the male
shoulder and female breast on e+ birds, thus to make a solid white phenotype
with this gene, the autosomal pheomelanin must be suppressed. Sex-linked gold
does not tend to show through this recessive white and is removed just as
eumelanin is removed. Dr. Ronald Okimoto has typed this gene as mentioned in my
book, <i><u>An Introduction to Color Forms
of the Domestic Fowl</u></i>, and confirmed that it is a different gene from c.
</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfcIEx9nX9qPwjiuMB03ClwNz7uob4__y8vOAoOfdaNj0t52ngR-gt-XZus_6Qb9hqAghdtks7g_0sD7qQnmHHWhbRzLiJSiJcu3IndpgP78VN1j6SeC7-0DGvHPykvA8FivMo3sG9hrpV/s1600/Genecomboblugphoxwhtsilk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfcIEx9nX9qPwjiuMB03ClwNz7uob4__y8vOAoOfdaNj0t52ngR-gt-XZus_6Qb9hqAghdtks7g_0sD7qQnmHHWhbRzLiJSiJcu3IndpgP78VN1j6SeC7-0DGvHPykvA8FivMo3sG9hrpV/s1600/Genecomboblugphoxwhtsilk.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the phoenix lines in America, both types of recessive white that have been typed occur. It is therefore not unheard of to cross two white phoenix from different lines and get no white offspring, as the genes are not allelic. This second form of recessive white also occurs in some White Silkies and White Sultans. The above rooster is an F1 from a White Silkie x White Phoenix, both of which were the second type of recessive white. Note the slight expression of pheomelanin on the shoulder of this male - that is a diagnostic hallmark of this type of recessive white.</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Here we see a group of young recessive white phoenix bred by Kim Mower that are the secondary type of recessive white which allows autosomal pheomelanin to express in the visual phenotype. You can see how strong this in the breasts of the hens, while there is only slight expression in the male. Interestingly, it is in an area where eumelanin is usually found 0 the legs and lower body. As these birds are Autosomal pheomelanic Silver duckwings with no ginger or Columbian additive factors, it is interesting that the removal of eumelanin by this form of recessive white that allows Aph expression, reveals Aph in a normally eumelanic area of the male. Birds of this type could easily be and often are mistaken for "silver pyle", but they are not, as this white is recessive when outcrossed, rather than dominant white, as in all "pyle" forms. Photo by Kim Mower.</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">A <b><i>third</i></b> type of this factor has
appeared in Old English Game bantams, called pearl. It is a recessive gene
which removes most of the eumelanin, leaving the hackles, saddle and shoulder
of the male slightly tan/gray with the rest of the bird nearly white. I have
never worked with this gene. This gene is occurring on solid black birds in the
Pearl OEG and to date, I have not seen how it would express on any other base
coloring. Further, it is not known if this gene has been tested against the
second form of recessive white to determine if it is the same gene or an allele
of the same locus. However, what is known is that on a black bird, the result
of this gene is a near white phenotype.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">Two genes, mottling and barring, produce the
final category of “white” in chickens. These two genes have very different
function. </span><b style="font-size: x-large; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i>Mottling</i></b><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;"> will produce a white tip to feathers on any background
coloring, for the most part. There does seem to be some forms of eumelanic
extenders that can suppress the expression of mottling, but generally, mottling
will produce a white tip on any background coloring. Thus, we see black birds
with white tip, red birds with a black bar and white tip or even red/gold/buff
birds with a white tip and no black bar. There are two ways to achieve the
later. 1. Add any eumelanic-removing factor (such as dominant white, homozygous
blue or homozygous dun) to remove the black bar or, 2. Add pheomelanic
extension factors (such as we see in a solid buff bird) to convert the black
bar to pheomelanic pigment. In all instance though, the white tip shows
through, as the gene seem to stop the production of any melanin (most any of
them, expect, it seems, certain melanotic extenders such as recessive black
factors) at the end of the feather. Finally, the level of mottling can be very
variable and this may represent various modification genes interacting with one
basic gene, or it could indicate that there are multiple alleles of the
mottling gene, or it could be that there is more than one mottling genes at
different gene loci. Exchequer may fall into any of these three categories.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>Barring</i></b> can produce white bars, but
only on a black feather, so the white produced by barring is dependent upon the
feather the gene is affecting. On a pheomelanic (red) feather, the barring
factor does not produce white, but produces a paler gold/cream tone, so the
white produced by barring is incumbent upon barring being on a black feather. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>Finally</i></b>, as an aside, the white
crest of the white crested black Polish is something completely different from
all of the other genes mentioned herein and seems to only effect the crest as
the rest of the bird is black and in other instances this gene has been added
to red Polish, making white crested red, showing that the white crest is
restricted to the crest and does not effect either eumelanin or pheomelanins on
the rest of the bird. It is likely that other genes that can produce some white
in feathers exists and may be described in the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As you can see, there are many pathways to getting a
visually “white” effect in the feathers of the chicken and all “white” is not
at all genetically the same thing. First, there is the white that is
pheomelanically derived and is called “silver”. Then there is the white that is
eumelanically derived and is called “white”. Always remember that red becomes
silver (both sex-linked and autosomal based upon their own dilution mutations)
and black becomes white. While all of this is semantics, it is important in
helping one to remember which type you are dealing with. The third type is the
removal of all melanins and is total white, actually the near or total absence
of all pigments in the feathers (not albinism!). The final white effect is
through the patterning factors, mottling and barring. Mottling always produces
the white tip (or more), while barring will produced black and white bars <b><i>only</i></b>
when on a black feather. I refer to these as disruptors, as they disrupt the
laying down of melanins. It is also important to remember that Pattern gene
(Pg) does not produce white in and of itself. In those pattern gene based forms
such as silver laced, silver spangled, silver penciled, etc, pattern gene (Pg)
is only directing the pigments that are already there as to where they should
go. Much like a conductor for an orchestra, pattern gene is directing where and
when the various pigments should appear, not what pigments will occur. All
silver patterned forms that show white areas with black areas are silver (group
1 of the visual “white” factors). If eumelanic reducing “white” genes are
added, then such silver and black birds become either a blue or dun version or
they become nearly or totally white, as the eumelanin is reduced partially or
totally.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">This issue of visual “white” in chicken feather pigmentation
is a complex subject. It takes some time, effort and thought to really get a
grasp on how this visually identical effect can in fact be so many different
gene effects. The key to remembering what is what is to remember the different
types of white that can occur. The most important distinction is between the
pheomelanic form of “white” which is referred to as silver and the eumelanic-based
forms of white. Though they can look the same, silver and “white” are not the
same things, genetically, and are derived from very different pathways in the
pigmentation process. Always bear in mind that there are four classes of white;
1. White derived through pheomelanin (silver), 2. White derived from eumelanin,
3. White derived through removing both eumelanin and pheomelanin (to lesser or
greater extent) and 4. Those genes that produce white in specific areas only
(mo, white crest) or through interaction with black feathers (barring).</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-35347756076417903632014-02-26T22:12:00.003-08:002014-02-28T19:19:22.067-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Genetic Factors of Silver Phenotypes</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Brian Reeder</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">First published December 2011 in Exhibition Poultry E-Zine</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> What does it take to make a red variety into a silver variety? Most people will simply answer that the sex-linked pheomelanic gene Silver (S) is all it takes, but this is not the case. In fact, getting to a good, clean “white” silver phenotype is much more complicated than simply adding the Silver sex-linked pheomelanic allele to the s-locus. For the last twenty years, I have been working toward understanding the differences in silver and red phenotypes. In that time, I have made hundreds of test matings and raised literally thousands of birds, and with each of those matings, I have gathered data on the segregations of the silver and red phenotypes, in addition to any other data I may have been gathering. By working with such large numbers, I have been able to, first, form a series of hypothesis about the various factors involved in these phenotypes, and second, to test those hypotheses repeatedly and within many different genetic populations, polishing them as more data emerged. Through all that work I have come to a good working understanding of the various heritable factors (genes) involved in these phenotypes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In the April 2011 issue of Exhibition Poultry, I wrote an article titled Pigmentation of the Red Jungle Fowl. That article is the precursor to this article, and I would recommend that anyone seriously interested in this article should download the April 2011 issue of this magazine from the website and read over that article as a companion to this one. I will be using my original artwork from that article to illustrate the progression of genes that make the final, fully clean white silver phenotype. I will also be using the MC1R gene, that we call duckwing in the hobby and notate as the e-locus allele e+, as the main base to illustrate this progression from red to silver phenotypes. However, this information does not only apply to the e-allele e+. The exact same heritable factors I will be discussing herein on e+ are used on all the e-alleles to go from the red versions to the clean white silver versions. In time, I will discuss the interactions of these factors on all of the e-alleles, but for the interest of brevity in this article, I will only be using e+ in the examples. The important thing to keep in mind when applying this information to e-alleles other than e+ is that each e-allele distributes the pigments (eumelanin, Sex-linked pheomelanin and Autosomal pheomelanin) in its own unique manner, and more so in the females than the males.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> To begin, let us have a quick reminder of the pigment makeup of the red duckwing, as seen in the red jungle fowl and varieties of domestic fowl similar to it, which I call red duckwing and is commonly referred to in the hobby as black breasted red (<i>image 1</i>). This variety includes eumelanin, the red form of sex-linked pheomelanin (s+), autosomal pheomelanin (Aph), mahogany (Mh) and usually includes dilute (Di). However, the presence or absence of Mh and Di do not change the phenotype from red and these are simply additive genes that create different shades of red/orange.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Image 1 - the typical red duckwing pair which is the color pattern of the red jungle fowl</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In both sexes, Autosomal pheomelanin is the base pigment that lies underneath the other pigments. In the male red duckwing, the body is eumelanin, while the hackle, saddle and main wing triangle are predominantly sex-linked pheomelanin while the shoulder and top of the head show the greatest saturation of Autosomal pheomelanin and also Mahogany (as Mh requires the presence of Aph to express visually – Aph serving as the platform upon which Mh saturates). In the female red duckwing, the breast expresses Autosomal pheomelanin while the back, shoulder, wing, cushion, tail secondaries and sides of the body are a complicated layering/blending of Autosomal pheomelanin, sex-linked pheomelanin and eumelanin. The hackle is mainly sex-linked pheomelanin with a eumelanic stripe in each feather, while Autosomal pheomelanin is predominant at the top of the head and around the outer edge of the hackles. For more on this red phenotype, refer back to my April 2011 Exhibition Poultry article mentioned above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So now, if we simply add the sex-linked silver gene to the red duckwing, what does the phenotype become? To begin with, it does not become an exhibition silver duckwing. The female can only have one dose of this z-chromosome, sex-linked gene, while the male can have one or two doses. (<i>We will only be discussing the homozygous silver males (S/S) here in all of these examples. The heterozygote males (S/s+) are visually very confusing and can appear similar to any of these phenotypes we will be discussing. Since they are not true-breeding phenotypes, they are irrelevant to this discussion</i>). In the male, the addition of homozygous Silver (S/S) to the red duckwing creates a phenotype that would be referred to as “gold” in the hobby (<i>image 2</i>). The homozygous Silver changes the hackle, saddle and wing triangle to a yellow/gold color, as Aph is still present and underlies all the sex-linked pheomelanic areas, so that when the Silver gene removes the sex-linked pheomelanin the Autosomal pheomelanin is still there and is visible as the golden hue. If mahogany is present, it is also not affected by the sex-linked silver gene and will still be seen on all of the usual areas of expression and will make the tone of the gold in the sex-linked pheomelanic areas somewhat darker than if mahogany is not present. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Image 2 - the basic red duckwing combination when the s-allele s+ is replaced with S, but no other modifications are made</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the case where mahogany is not present, all the areas where mahogany is usually seen will express as an orange/peach/golden tone that is several shades darker than the hackle/saddle shades. In the female, when we add S to replace s+, the hackle is changed to a creamy white shade while the rest of the bird remains very similar to the red duckwing hen. The major factor that will be visually different is that the back will be a cooler shade with a gray/gold tone rather than the more warm brown of the red duckwing hen. This hen is the “golden”/”golden duckwing” standard type hen as found in the standard description for that variety, such as in Modern Game. If the hen is expressing mahogany, it will be visible on the head, around the hackle and will darken the back and breast to a more reddish tone. This phenotype, in both males and females can easily be confused with both Diluted and Cream forms of red duckwing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So how then do we get to a clean silver duckwing phenotype? The key is to remove (or inhibit) the Autosomal pheomelanin. In my earliest research with Autosomal pheomelanin, I believed that we had a simple pair of alleles at one locus and I called those Ap and ap+ (<i>the + being applied to the absence of Autosomal pheomelanin as I felt it also derives from a wild source – the gray jungle fowl, just as the yellow skin gene in domestic fowl has been shown to derive</i>). However, subsequent research and test matings have shown that these two factors are not alleles of one locus. They are in fact two separate factors and are non-allelic. As I described in the April 2011 Exhibition Poultry article, I now use the abbreviation Aph for Autosomal pheomelanin. In addition, since the inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin is not an allele of Aph, I am now using the abbreviation Aph^I (Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So once we have replaced red (s+) with Silver (S) we find that we still do not have a true silver duckwing, so we add Aph^I to inhibit the Autosomal pheomelanin. With only one dose of Aph^I (<i>image 3</i>), we see only partial inhibition of Autosomal pheomelanin. The heterozygotes for Aph^I will be lighter than the pair described above, showing a creamy, yellow/white tone in the sex-linked pheomelanic areas. In the female, the breast will show some spottiness, often with each breast feather showing a very pale pheomelanic edge. One of the most interesting aspects of Aph^I is that since mahogany only expresses on Aph, when Aph^I is present, the expression of mahogany is also suppressed. Thus, in cases where there is one dose of Aph^I, even when there is homozygosity for mahogany, very little expression of mahogany will be seen in the phenotype. The most prominent expression of mahogany will be on the male shoulder/back and the female shoulder/back and breast. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Image 3 - When there is heterozygosity for the inhibitor of autosomal pheomelamnin (Aph^I), the phenotype is lighter and mahogany has far less expression</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, when even one dose of Aph^I is present, the mahogany expression will never be solid, and will only be spotty showing several shades of orange/red/mahogany. Two doses of Aph^I will nearly completely suppress the mahogany, so that only a tiny amount is seen at the edge of the shoulder/back area of the male. (<i>I suspect there may be at least two alleles of Aph^I, as there is some evidence that a second form allows expression of Aph and mahogany in females, but suppresses it in males. Certain lines of gray Dorking in England, for instance, seem to attest to this but I have not had any examples to test mate or observe to date. It seems this alternate allele of Aph^I allows for clean silver males and Aph expressing females. In this regard, this allele of the inhibitor seems to show sex-expression of autosomal pheomelanin, with female expression and male inhibition. I hope to comment on this seemingly alternate allele after I have studied and test-mated it further in a future article.</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In instances where there is one dose of Aph^I, but no mahogany, we see the phenotype in the male that is called “golden”/”golden duckwing”, as in the standard description of the Modern Game variety. The standard description calls for this phenotype of male, but the female called for in that standard form is the non-mahogany form described above in the previous section. The male of this type has a yellow/cream hackle, saddle and wing triangle while the shoulder is a darker yellow-gold to pale orange-yellow. Ironically, it is the female of this type, a heterozygote, that is the standard ‘silver”/”silver duckwing” hen. She has a gray back with a slight cream tint (silver pheomelanin with black/eumelanic stippling of any size appears visually gray and layered over a small amount of Aph, there is a creamy effect), the hackle pheomelanin is white/near white and the breast is salmon, generally with a paler lace of cream pheomelanin at the edge of the breast feathers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The true, fully silver phenotype (<i>image 4</i>) is very rare, because the female is not a recognized variety of any kind and most people, upon seeing one for the first time, think she is some type of Columbian or Ginger heterozygote. These hens are rather startling if you have never seen one, as the breast is extremely pale, almost completely silver, with almost no salmon expression at all. She also has no warm tones at all in any area of her feathering. When these hens do turn up in most breeding programs, they tend to be culled out as they are generally undescribed and non-standard. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgwuzRE-C6cRLnhGumzn2B3q4l7dD-L0zRmDKGIgx7QNxYmlFwcMF9YYbUvceeEDlMCpJMWmUzkO2-Z3cHeu6WHeYBPBJhViRhXX1JlKlrxtFbbVNvRM8KnkeakJN2aQttUEO9CAHIl8Q/s1600/4rjfSilverand2dosesIAphpair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgwuzRE-C6cRLnhGumzn2B3q4l7dD-L0zRmDKGIgx7QNxYmlFwcMF9YYbUvceeEDlMCpJMWmUzkO2-Z3cHeu6WHeYBPBJhViRhXX1JlKlrxtFbbVNvRM8KnkeakJN2aQttUEO9CAHIl8Q/s1600/4rjfSilverand2dosesIAphpair.jpg" height="160" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Image 4 - the fully clean, "white" silver phenotype seen with full, homozygous inhibition of Autosomal pheomelanin</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course, the few people in the know make full use of these hens and they produce the cleanest white, Silver males. Silver/Silver duckwing has always been a double-mated variety, however, few breeders have ever known that and cull out the proper females. This knowledge has long been a carefully guarded “trade secret”. The ironic thing is that breeders of Silver varieties are constantly complaining about “brassy” silver males, yet they routinely cull out the females that could produce the proper males. The true Silver phenotype is homozygous for Aph^I. The female is as described above and the male is simply a black and stark white combination, with all the pheomelanic areas, both Autosomal and sex-linked, reduced to white. In many instances, these males show a small amount of white at the upper breast and may show a few spots of white in the lower breast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In addition to the presence of S, Aph^I and mh+, most silver varieties I have test mated also carry dilute (Di) and/or cream (ig). I am not sure that either of these genes is actually necessary to get clean silver, but they certainly don’t hurt, either. Any diluter gene is only going to help remove brassiness from the silver areas. The presence of these diluters should come as no surprise. These varieties were developed long before genetic knowledge, so it only makes sense from a visual perspective that those breeders would have used any pale pheomelanic birds in their efforts to breed silver, just as any diluters and whitening genes were used in the development of solid white birds (which are known to often carry many dilution factors in addition to the major whitening gene; recessive (c) or dominant (I)).</span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As you can see from this discussion, the Silver varieties are much more complicated than the simple addition of the sex-linked pheomelanic allele Silver (S) to a given red variety. This discussion applies to any silver form of any variety. That means that all silver varieties, if they are clean, true white-silver combine homozygous Silver, homozygous Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin and homozygosity for the absence of mahogany and may often also incorporate Dilute and/or cream, in addition to the other genes required to make the given variety. For those comfortable with using gene abbreviations, the genes of silver are S/S (S/~ in females), Aph^I/Aph^I, mh+/mh+ and often Di/- and/or ig/ig.</span></div>
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Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-85262334849530398842014-02-26T22:02:00.000-08:002014-02-26T22:02:03.163-08:00The Expression of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) and the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph^I) when in the presence of Columbian (Co) and Dark Brown (Db – aka ‘Ginger’)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Expression
of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) and the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin
(Aph^I) when in the presence of Columbian (Co) and Dark Brown (Db – aka
‘Ginger’)</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Part 3 – Originally Published November 2012 in Exhibition Poultry E-Zine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Brian Reeder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In my last two articles I have discussed Autosomal
Pheomelanin (Aph) and the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph^I) and their
main interaction genes (September 2012) as well as the effects of both factors
on the five most commonly encountered alleles of the e-locus (October 2012).
This month, we will look at the last major (known) genes that interact with Aph
and Aph^I: Columbian (Co) and Dark Brown (Db – aka ‘Ginger’).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Both of these factors are commonly called ‘eumelanin
restrictors’ in the published literature on poultry genetics. I tend to refer
to them as ‘pheomelanic extenders’, which is for all intents and purposes the
same thing. The intent of either term being that these factors restrict
eumelanin (black pigment) in the breast of the male, or extend pheomelanin
(red/gold/silver pigment) into the breast of the male. However,
restriction/extension is not the only function of these two genes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Another major function of these genes is that they interact
with Pattern gene (Pg) and Melanotic (Ml) to create the most widely known and
beautiful patterns of exhibition and landrace poultry; namely autosomal
barring, spangling (the real one, not mottling) and lacing. Dark brown (Db) is
in fact linked to Pg and Ml as part of a fairly tight linkage group. Co is not
linked with this group, yet works with these genes to create a unique
expression of patterning (lacing).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Db is found with only Pg, we see the pattern known as
autosomal barring, as seen in campiness and “penciled” Hamburg. When Db and Pg
are also found with Ml, we see spangling as in the Spangled Hamburgs. When Co
is found with Pg, there is very little pattern, as without Ml, Co overpowers
and washes out Pg. When Ml is then added, we see lacing. The two e-alleles
where lacing is commonly seen are eb (brown) and ER (birchen). On the e-allele
eb, lacing can occur with only Co/Pg/Ml, but on ER, Db is also required, as Co
without Db on ER is not strong enough to restrict the high levels of eumelanin
found on ER. Db, however, does restrict the eumelanin of ER and is thus
required to create lacing on the birchen background allele. These are not,
however, the only genes that Co and Db interact with. Co and Db also interact
with Aph and Aph^I and their other interaction genes (s+/S, Mh, Di, ig, etc.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The interactions of Co and Db with Aph and Aph^I are very
fascinating. In short, Co interacts most strongly with sex-linked pheomelanin
(s+ and/or S – the s-locus alleles), while Db interacts most strongly with
Autosomal pheomelanin. However, we cannot leave it there, as there is more to
these interactions than that one sentence can sum up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">First, let’s look at Co. Columbian, as stated above,
interacts most strongly with sex-linked pheomelanin, and it is sex-linked
pheomelanin that Co extends into the breast and body of both sexes on all the
e-alleles it effects (e+, eb and eWh, but ER <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ONLY</i> when Db is present, and E not at all). Regardless of whether
we see Aph or Aph^I, it is the sex-linked pheomelanin that Co extends into the
typically eumelanic areas. On red (s+) birds, it is very easy to see on the
males. An example is some lines of Buff Brahma in which the males show a
shoulder and top of head/around face/outer hackle edge much darker than the
rest of the body, but the breast is as light, if not lighter, than the lower
hackle. This means that even though Aph and Mh are present, the presence of Co
(without Db) does not allow them to effect the breast. It is even easier to see
in silver (S) examples. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We often see silver Columbian males that have a clean, snow
white breast, yet the hackle, saddle and shoulder will be cream/yellow –
‘brassy’. The yellowing of these areas is the result of the presence of Aph,
yet there is no effect on the breast, showing that Columbian extends sex-linked
pheomelanin into the breast of these birds and completely restricts all
expression of Aph on this area. A further example is that when Mahogany is
present on a silver Columbian bird that has Aph instead of Aph^I, the result is
a rooster with a clean white breast, yellow hackle and saddle and a Mahogany
shoulder. Columbian thus restricts Aph from the breast, while extending
sex-linked pheomelanin into the breast of the male.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The most desirable Silver Columbians are those that are
homozygous for Aph^I, and have no Mahogany or other red intensifiers, as these
will be a clean white silver. Further, when such genes as Dilute (Di) and/or
cream (ig) are also present on these Aph^I silver Columbians, as we have
discussed in previous articles on obtaining clean white silver plumage, the
effect is magnified and we see none of the brassiness that even some good,
clean lines show when exposed to sunlight.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, this is not the end of the story for Columbian,
because Columbian is often found with Db, and Db changes the game a bit. Before
we look at the interaction of Db and Co, let us discuss Db.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Db is a very interesting gene and may actually be a major
gene with one or more modifier genes, some of which may be linked, interacting
to make what we think of as the typical Db expression of pheomelanic extension
in both sexes. Dark brown is most commonly known from varieties such as ginger
red, where it creates a warm tan-orange tone. However, Db can make other tones,
depending on its interactions with such genes as Di or Mh. With Mh saturation,
Db creates the typical Rhode Island Red phenotype and with the addition of one
or more of the recessive black complex of factors, Db creates the exhibition
form of Rhode Island Reds that might more appropriately be called “Rhode Island
Near-Blacks”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Dark Brown extends Autosomal pheomelanin into the breast
area (as Co does with the s-locus alleles) and interacts most strongly with
Aph/Aph^I. While Db does not extend the s-locus alleles, it does interact with
sex-linked pheomelanin by changing the tone of s+ to a tan-orange, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">especially when Di is present and Mh isn’t
present</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We can clearly see the effects of Db extending Aph (and by
proxy Mh) into the breast, even when silver is present, in such varieties as
the Red Shouldered Yokohama or some of the new color varieties of Serama known
by various food-names (with no reference to their actual genetic components).
There are very few standard varieties in the US that encompass Silver, Aph, Db
and Mh. The Red Shouldered Yokohama being the only one I can easily think of
(though this one is more complex than the simple S, Aph, Db, Mh combination
discussed), but such combinations are seen in the standards of other countries
and further, we often see this combination occurring in various landrace breeds
(such as the Serama) as well as in various crossed birds where the color is marveled
at as though it were some new spontaneous mutation (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it isn’t!).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In these combinations, male birds that are homozygous for
silver (on e+, eb, eWh or ER), but that have Aph (and no Aph^I), along with Db
and Mh show a dark red breast, back edge of the lower wing feathers, shoulder
and back, but the hackles, saddles and main wing feathers (the “duckwing”
triangle) are cream to pale yellow. The females will vary a great deal more
than the males depending on the e-allele, but will express red in the body with
silver/cream/pale yellow hackles with exact distributions based on their
respective e-allele. These phenotypes are only possible due to Db extending Aph
and Mh into the breast/body of these birds. Since Columbian does not extend Aph
into the breast, such phenotypes cannot be created using Co alone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Db occurs with S and Aph without Mh, the result is a
bird that is entirely pale cream to light yellow throughout the body and hackles
in both sexes, while the same combination but with s+ instead of S and ig will
create a nearly identical phenotype. Db with s+, Aph, and Di without Mh creates
the classic ‘Ginger Red’ phenotype. Add Mh to this and you get a slightly
darker version of ‘Ginger Red’ that is more red and less tan or pumpkin. When
there is Aph, Mh and no Di on red, we see the color of a typical Rhode Island Red
and when recessive melanizers are added to that, we see the near black
phenotype of the exhibition RIR. When Db occurs with Aph^I and S, we get a
clean ‘Silver Ginger’, and the more dilution genes such as Di or ig that we
add, the cleaner and whiter that silver will be. Without the diluters, S and
Aph^I with Db will tend to be slightly brassy, but not the pale yellow of the
same version with Aph instead of Aph^I.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Now to make things even more complicated and confusing, Co
and Db can interact. There is not just one effect. The first effect one will
note is that in regards to Pattern gene, Co overpowers Db and so when Co and Db
are combined with Ml and Pg, the resulting pattern is a lace. Co and Db on the
same bird with Aph but without Mh allows Co to have the greater effect on the
tone of the pheomelanin, but with Aph and Mh, Db has the stronger effect and
allows Mh to saturate the pheomelanin in a manner that Co alone would not
allow. This can be seen in such varieties as black laced red (as opposed to
black laced gold or “golden laced”), white laced red and blue laced red where
Co is clearly present due to the laced pattern, but the pheomelanin is much
darker than one would typically expect from Co alone. In that instance, Db
allows Mh to extend into the pheomelanically extended areas to create the dark
red visual effect. Some of the medium red lines of production RIR also have
Columbian along with Mh and Db, though the show lines and darker production
lines do not seem to have Co.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the golden-laced varieties, Dilute (Di) plays a major
role in lightening the tone to the bay color we expect. My tests show that all
golden-laced birds (Sebright, Wyandotte and Polish) carry both Co and Db. Even
when Mh and Aph are present in these cases, Co interacts with Di to allow the
pheomelanin to be diluted to the golden tone, overpowering Mh and Aph and not
allowing the expression of mahogany in the pheomelanin, except for partial
expression on the male bird’s shoulder and the upper hackle/head of both sexes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When S is present instead of s+, along with Co and Db, and
Aph, we see brassy silver laced with the palest area being the pheomelanin of
the breast, while the rest of the pheomelanic areas are a cream to pale yellow.
To secure the cleanest white in silver laced varieties, Aph^I must be present
and homozygous, whether Db is present or not. In instances where Mahogany and
Aph are present on silver laced birds with both Co and Db, Mahogany is restricted
and still does not influence the breast, as Co interacts with the sex-linked
Silver (S) and has the greater influence, restricting Aph and Mahogany. If
Aph^I is substituted for Aph in this last case, Mahogany does not express at
all, as Aph is restricted and Mahogany requires Aph as a platform to express.
The only effect of Mahogany in such an instance may be one or two red feathers
in the shoulder of the male and a slightly darker brassy tone to the hackles
and saddles, especially at the top of the head.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As you can see, the interactions of Aph and Aph^I with Db
and Co are very complex and I hope my attempt here to explain some of these
interactions has not caused you even more confusion. In the future, I hope to
undertake a much more detailed description of these interactions, but for now,
and the sake of brevity in an article, I hope this will give you a good point
to begin to understand the many phenotypes that can emerge when dealing with
the combination of many genes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is important to remember, also, that when dealing with
heterozygotes, the visual expressions can be variable. To fully understand the
results of various combinations, we must see them as homozygotes. However, most
breeders out there who encounter such combinations will likely be seeing
heterozygosity at various levels and this can make the expressions even harder
to judge. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">While the basic premise of Autosomal Pheomelanin and the
Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin are fairly simple concepts and in practice
are simple to recognize and work with, the fact that there are potentially many
interaction genes means that this simple concept of Aph and Aph^I can seem very
complicated and overwhelming. It is true that a multi-gene recombinant
phenotype can be very hard to judge, especially when there is high
heterozygosity at many alleles, but the most basic aspect, that of Aph and
Aph^I, can be summed up very easily. All domestic fowl have Aph, just as all
have sex-linked pheomelanin and eumelanin. In general, those birds with one
dose of Aph^I will only show partial expression of Aph, while only those birds
with homozygosity for Aph^I will not show any visual expression of Aph. The
important thing to remember is that the expression of Aph will vary depending
on the dosage effect of Aph^I and the other (potentially many) genes that are
interacting with both Aph and Aph^I. It is these potential interactions that
make this a complicated and often confusing subject.</span></div>
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Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-14141942973570851742014-02-26T21:58:00.000-08:002014-02-26T21:58:09.369-08:00The Expression of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) and the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph^I) on the common E-alleles (e+, eWh, eb, ER and E)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Expression
of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) and the Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin
(Aph^I) on the common E-alleles (e+, eWh, eb, ER and E)</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Part 2 </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Originally published October 2012 in Exhibition Poultry E-Zine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Brian Reeder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this article, I will outline the effects of Autosomal
pheomelanin and the Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin on the five commonly
encountered alleles of the e-locus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It must be noted here, at the beginning of the article, that there are
genes that interact with Aph and Aph^I beyond the e-alleles. Some of the most
basic interaction factors were discussed in last month’s article ‘<b><i>The
Expression, Suppression and Interactions of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) in the
Domestic Fowl’</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, and include such factors as Mahogany, Dilute and cream. While this
article will not deal with the other interaction genes (such as Columbian or
Dark brown aka ‘ginger’), we will look at these factors in next month’s article.
With that out of the way, let us continue on to discuss the e-locus
interactions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The five commonly seen e-alleles are e+ (duckwing), eb (brown), eWh
(wheaten), ER (birchen) and E (extended black). Most simply stated, Autosomal
pheomelanin is found on all of these alleles, though the distribution effect is
somewhat different on each allele, most visibly on the females in several cases.
The Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin can also be found on, and express on,
all of the e-alleles. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The males of all five e-alleles are much alike in their expression of
Aph or Aph^I. There are subtle differences between the males of each allele
that we will discuss below, but it is the females where Aph and/or Aph^I are often
most visible and variable, and help to create the unique appearances that we
most relate to the e-alleles.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As I stated in my article last month, I feel that Aph is found in all
of the jungle fowls and that Aph^I is found in the gray jungle fowl and perhaps
also in the green jungle fowl. Whether the form of Aph^I found in the gray
jungle fowl is exactly the same as that found in the modern domestic fowl is
not clear, but it is the likely source of Aph^I in the domestic fowl and if not
the exact same gene is likely the precursor to Aph^I as described in domestic
fowl, just as the yellow skin gene found in the gray jungle fowl is now thought
to be the precursor to, and origin of, the yellow skin gene found in the
domestic fowl.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The E-alleles<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As we discuss the e-allele expressions of Aph and Aph^I, it
is very important to bear in mind that I am discussing these alleles in their
most basic expression. For example, E (extended black) is commonly thought of
as a black chicken, but as I pointed out in my article two months ago on the
genetics of black chickens, E, in and of itself, does not create a solid black
chicken, and requires melanization factors to completely melanize an E-based
bird to solid black. Thus, as I describe the interactions of E with Aph and
Aph^I, I am discussing that allele without the extra modifiers. In other words,
I am not discussing the melanized expression of E, the fully black bird, but am
discussing the allele in its most basic state, where pheomelanin expresses in
some parts. The same will be true for all of the other e-alleles. Our
discussion for this article will be restricted to the e-allele with
consideration of the s-allele and it’s most basic interaction genes (Dilute,
cream), as well as Aph/Aph^I, and Mahogany (where applicable). We will not
discuss any genes that were not part of last month’s article, beyond the
e-alleles, in this article.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Duckwing (e+)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I have discussed the e-allele e+ at some length in two
previous articles for Exhibition Poultry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One was titled ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pigmentation of the Red Junglefowl’</i></b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and ran in the April 2011 edition
while the second was titled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘The Genetic Factors of Silver Phenotypes’</i></b>
and ran in the December 2011 edition. For a detailed discussion of the
interactions of the e-allele e+, the two s-allele mutations, and the Aph and
Aph^I factors and modifiers, please refer back to those articles. For this
article, I will stay with a simpler explanation, but strongly recommend you
review these two previous articles in conjunction with this series. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The duckwing allele is characterized by the so-called “bb
red” or black breasted red male, considered “duckwing” due to the triangular
pheomelanic area of the folded lower wing. Regardless of the s-allele
combination, the male retains the basic “black breasted whatever” format. The
female is a combination of melanin, sex-linked and autosomal pheomelanin. Her
brown back, orange hackles with a black center stripe and salmon breast
characterize the female of this e-allele. The salmon breast, which is her most
distinctive characteristic, is the main diagnostic trait of the duckwing
female. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The male of the duckwing allele differs little from the males
of the e-alleles eb and eWh. The only major variation between the e+ male and
the males of ER and E is the presence of the pheomelanic wing triangle, which
is absent on the solid black lower wing of the alleles E and ER. It is the
female where there is a great difference from the other alleles of the e-locus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Autosomal pheomelanin has the greatest expression in the
male of the e+ allele on the shoulder and back, the outer edges of the main
wing feathers, the top of the head around the face and around the outer ring of
the hackles and along the back edge of the saddles. The remaining pheomelanic
areas are predominantly sex-linked pheomelanin. In the female, the breast is
predominantly autosomal pheomelanin, while the back, wing, cushion and
secondary tail feathers are a blending of sex-linked pheomelanin, autosomal
pheomelanin and eumelanin. The hackle of the female is predominantly sex-linked
pheomelanin with the upper head, area around the face and the outer edge of the
hackle strongly influenced by Aph, just as in the male.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When silver (S) is the gene at the s-allele, the sex-linked
pheomelanic areas are lightened to a cream-yellow tone, but the autosomal
pheomelanin is unaffected. Thus silver hens show the strongly salmon breast,
and if mahogany is present, the breast, back and shoulders may be deep reddish
brown, just as the shoulder of the silver male can be dark reddish brown with
mahogany present in conjunction with silver and Aph. Aph^I is required to block
the expression of autosomal pheomelanin (and thus also Mahogany) and begin to
work toward a fully clean white silver phenotype. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When hens are heterozygous for Aph^I, the breast can be
patchy, showing salmon areas and cream areas, sometimes as slight lacing of
cream on the salmon breast feathers, and sometimes as patches of cream or even
a central area of cream in the center of the salmon breast. Fully homozygous
hens for Aph^I show very little color in the breast, with the breast tending
toward cream/beige with very little salmon tone at all. While these hens will
have a lighter tone of cream with S (Silver), even the s+ (red) hens show a
very pale breast of a beige tone when Aph^I is homozygous.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Brown (eb)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On the brown allele, eb, the males are nearly identical to
the males of e+, except that they will tend to have more distinctly striped
hackles and saddles, and Aph has a somewhat stronger effect on the upper hackle
and along the outer edge of the main wing feathers and outer edge of the
saddle, than is seen in the e+ male. This is a very subtle point, as males of
both alleles show Aph saturation in these areas. In the eb male, it is only
slightly stronger in saturation. Otherwise, the males are identical. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The females, however, are another story. In the most basic
sense, the major difference between the e+ female and the eb female is the later
lacks the salmon breast of the former. The breast of the eb hen is replaced
with a combination of the three pigments, just as in the back of the e+ hen. So
we can state that he entire body of the eb hen is very similar to the back of
the e+ hen. The eb hen’s entire body plumage behaves as the back of the e+ hen
also. As the eb hen’s back is a blending of sex-linked pheomelanin, autosomal
pheomelanin and eumelanin, we can produce the same range of shades as seen in
the e+ hen’s back. For instance, if we have s+ (gold or red) and Aph with
mahogany, we see a very dark red-brown body as seen in the Partridge and dark
brown varieties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">If we change s+ to S (silver) and have Aph^I, we get a very
clean silver-gray background as we see in the cleanest silver penciled
varieties. When we have silver without Aph^I and rather have Aph present, we
see a silver hen that is not the clean, crisp black and white of the best
silver penciled, but rather the entire body shows a slightly cream tinted under
color, sort of like a tobacco stain on white, which is commonly seen in many
less clean silver penciled lines. The genetically identical male of this type
will also show a yellowish tone to his pheomelanic areas and we call such lines
“brassy” in exhibition terms. To get the very clean, crisp “black and white”
silver penciled expression, the inhibitor of autosomal pheomelanin is necessary
along with silver.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">With the eb allele, there is a reduction of the expression
of autosomal pheomelanin in the female, while there is an increase in the
expression of eumelanin and sex-linked pheomelanin, as compared to the duckwing
allele, e+.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Wheaten (eWh)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I would consider the allele eWh, wheaten, to be the opposite
of eb, in that it is a reduction of eumelanin and sex-linked pheomelanin as
compared to the allele e+, duckwing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is little difference visually between the males of e+,
eb and eWh. The wheaten males tend to show less (and often none) of the melanization
striping in the hackle and saddle, while Aph has a greater saturation in all of
the pheomelanic areas. This is especially noticeable when S (silver) is present
at the s-allele (even more so when Mahogany is also present), as Aph clearly
suffuses all pheomelanic areas more fully and with stronger saturation as
compared to either e+ or eb. This some silver wheaten males can show a
considerable amount of salmon to dark red coloring in the cream to silver
hackle, which can be very confusing if you are not clear to the effects of Aph
on eWh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The eWh hens are the opposite of the eb hens, in that they
show a reduction of eumelanin and sex-linked pheomelanin and an increase in
autosomal pheomelanin. In short, the entire body of the eWh hen is similar to
the breast of the e+ hen, while the blending of eumelanin, sex-linked and
autosomal pheomelanin, as seen on the back of the e+ hen and the entire body of
the eb hen, is not present on the eWh hen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the darkest end of the spectrum, when we see s+ with Aph,
Mahogany and melanization on the eWh female, the entire body tends to be a dark
brown/salmon tone often called cinnamon, as in the Cubalaya. Without the melanization
saturation, we see the normal wheaten female where the entire body is salmon
colored, as seen in Malay or some Old English Games. When the wheaten hen is
heterozygous for Aph^I, we see a split between the back/upper body and the
breast/lower body, where the back is salmon, but the breast is cream colored.
With the Aph^I homozygote, the entire body of the wheaten hen is cream colored,
as we see in Some Old English Game Bantams that show this very pale form of
wheaten.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The addition of silver does not change the expression of
Aph/Aph^I in the body of the wheaten hen (as described in the paragraph above).
The only major change from silver to the wheaten hen is in the hackle, where
the silver gene lightens the hackles from cream to white, depending on the
other genes present. However, as I described above for the male of the wheaten
allele, the females also show a stronger saturation of Aph in the hackles,
especially when Mahogany is present. Thus, one can have a silver wheaten female
and still see a good deal of dark red in the otherwise cream colored hackle
(some Salmon Faverolle hens show this effect, for example), if Aph is present.
The cleanest, palest and most colorless wheaten hens are found when wheaten is
combined with silver and is homozygous for Aph^I. Such hens are a solid, pale
cream to white color with a bit of black in tail, wing and hackle and can
easily be confused with the silver Columbian variety (of which the standard form
is on the e-allele eb).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Birchen (ER)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The male of the Birchen allele is very similar to the males
of the preceding e-alleles, except that he does not show the pheomelanic wing
triangle, has very strong hackle and saddle center stripes and does show a
pheomelanic lace at the edge of his breast feathers. This breast lacing is the
major diagnostic factor (along with chick down) to distinguish ER from E. The
male of the ER allele shows the same effects from Aph and Aph^I as the e+ male
and in the same regions. The breast lace is generally dictated by sex-linked
pheomelanin though, and this differs from e+. As well, the black wing will show
no effect from Aph or Aph^I, due to the full melanization caused by this
e-allele.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The female of the ER allele is nearly identical to the male,
except that she does not have a pheomelanic shoulder or saddle. She is basically
fully eumelanic (black) with a pheomelanic hackle with black stripe and
pheomelanic lacing on the black breast. On this allele, the strongest effect of
Aph is on the head, upper hackle and edge of hackle, as seen in the hens of
other alleles. The breast lace of the female is also determined by sex-linked
pheomelanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Only when other genes, such as Dark Brown (Db – aka
‘ginger’) or Db with Columbian are added to this allele, does the effects of
Aph or Aph^I become noticeable. While Aph and Aph^I have little visible effect
on the unmodified form of the ER allele, either (or both) of these factors can
be present and can show their effects when ER birds are crossed out to birds of
any of the previous e-alleles or when other modifier genes are present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Extended Black (E)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Extended Black here does not refer to a solid black chicken.
In fact, the phenotype on un-melanized E is nearly identical to ER, except that
there will be no breast lace in either sex and the hackles/saddles will show
even heavier melanic striping than in ER.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The effects of Aph and Aph^I is the same on E as on ER: minimal. The
male will show the effects of Aph in the same areas as all the proceeding males,
while the females will only show the effects on her head, upper hackle and the
outer ring of the hackles, as in the proceeding females. One major difference
between E and ER is that while ER can show the effects of Aph and Aph^I when
modifier genes such as Db and Co are present, E is not effected by Co or Db and
thus does not show the effects of Aph or Aph^I when either of those
modifications are present. However, all E birds carry Aph and/or Aph^I, and so
it is a consideration when outcrossing the other alleles to this allele, if in
no other case.</span></div>
Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-31942343122695062712014-01-28T15:26:00.000-08:002014-01-28T15:40:47.548-08:00The Expression, Suppression and Interactions of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) in the Domestic Fowl <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">The
Expression, Suppression and Interactions of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph) in the
Domestic Fowl <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">Part 1 </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">Originally published September 2012 in Exhibition Poultry Magazine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Brian Reeder</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this article I will outline my observations
of the interaction of factors involved in the distribution and suppression of functionally
non-sex-linked, visually pheomelanic pigment in the domestic fowl, which I
refer to as Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph). The many effects of the autosomal
pheomelanin complex are of extreme importance to the creation of the various
color varieties, especially the very dark, mahogany red varieties and the
clean-white, silver varieties. In both of those extreme ends of pheomelanic
saturation or suppression, we see homozygosity for the required factors, in
order to achieve the color goals. To create these extremes of phenotype, there
must be an understanding that we are looking at a multi-layered genotype, not
just the action of one gene or one locus with two alleles.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">To begin, I will state that I
strongly suspect that autosomal pheomelanin is present in all domestic fowl,
and their precursors, the four species of jungle fowl. I suspect that the
autosomal pheomelanic factor is as basic as sex-linked pheomelanin, eumelanin
or the e-locus: i.e., all domestic fowl and jungle fowl have these basic
factors. Those varieties of domestic fowl and one or two jungle fowl species,
which do not express or only partially express autosomal pheomelanin, are the
result of a mutation that removes the autosomal pheomelanin; inhibitor of
autosomal pheomelanin (Aph^I). This factor seems to be a simple knockout gene,
showing partial dominance to Aph in the heterozygous state and total dominance
to Aph in the homozygous state. It is probable that this mutation simply stops
the developmental chain that forms the autosomal pheomelanin before it can
complete its task, thus “knocking-out” the production of autosomal pheomelanin
before the process is completed. Thus a heterozygote can express some small level
of Aph while the homozygote expresses none at all. I suspect that a wild
form/precursor of Aph^I is found in the Gray jungle fowl, though it seems to
vary from population to population, as to whether they are pure for the gene.
This may be a natural segregation of the trait due to locality origins, or it
could indicate some level of hybridization with domestic fowl. The Green jungle
fowl may also exhibit some effects of an Aph^I-like factor. However, I feel the
Gray jungle fowl is the most likely source for the Aph^I genetic factor in
domestic fowl, much as yellow skin likely entered the domestic fowl via
hybridization with Gray jungle fowl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">When Aph is not expressed due
to Aph^I, those genes which require Aph in order to be expressed in the
phenotype, specifically Mahogany (Mh), have no base upon which to express, and
in the homozygote for Aph^I, even the Mh/Mh homozygote does not express
Mahogany visually. A bird that is Aph^I/aph^i, the heterozygote for the
Autosomal Pheomelanin Inhibitor, can express some small amount of mahogany, but
very little. This will hold true whether gold (s+) or silver (S) forms of
sex-linked pheomelanin are present, though it is much more obvious when dealing
with the silver based males (S/S or S/s+). Autosomal pheomelanin can be found
in conjunction with s+/s+, S/s+ or S/S males and S or s+ females. As well,
Aph^I can be found in conjunction with any of the s-allele combinations.
Finally birds of any s-allele combination can be heterozygotes for Autosomal
Pheomelanin Inhibitor. Thus can be produced a fairly confusing array of visual
expressions. Many of the potential heterozygous expressions and combinations
are merely mistaken for, or thought to be, either S/s+ heterozygosity or
diluted forms of s+.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I first introduced the term
Autosomal pheomelanin from experiments with golden duckwing (the pure silver
form of golden S/S males that are creamy or ‘blond’ in tone) and clean-white silver
duckwing phoenix. The presence or absence of the salmon breast on the duckwing
allele in the presence of S is dependant on the presence or absence of the
Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin (Aph^I), and those lines had no red
enhancers (specifically Mh), which creates the so-called “autosomal red” visual
effect. Autosomal red was originally described in the literature as the pigment
causing the red shoulder on some sex-linked silver-based males. It was
suggested it might be related to the salmon breast of silver duckwing hens, but
nothing further than that. The visual effect being described as “autosomal red”
is the interaction of more than one factor, specifically autosomal pheomelanin
(Aph), mahogany and possibly (probably) other factors that enhance saturation
of Mh on Aph. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my earlier work with Aph/S/e+, I
chose at that time to describe the two major “platform” factors as ap and Ap+,
or Autosomal pheomelanin and absence of autosomal pheomelanin, designating the
later with a plus sing to signify wild type based on evidence that the factor
derives from the Gray jungle fowl. However, further analysis of subsequent data
shows that this is most likely not the case, but rather, that “ap”, now called
Aph, and “Ap+”, now called Inhibitor of Autosomal Pheomelanin (Aph^I) are not
alleles at the same locus, but are actually two different factors that may not
even be found on the same chromosome. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now we will look at how these genes
interact. To go in either extreme direction, either to dark red or clean-white
silver, we need to stack certain factors, which will show the multi-gene nature
of these phenotype effects. I will delineate the factors I would suggest are at
work here. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Aph and Aph^I</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> - At the very base
are the two major “autosomal pheomelanin” expressions. These are Autosomal
Pheomelanin (Aph), which as described above is a factor found in all jungle
fowl and domestic fowl, and Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin (Aph^I), which
as described above is found in a wild type form in the Gray Jungle Fowl and in
many color varieties of domestic fowl. My work suggests that these two factors
operate as autosomal dominants, and seem to be “co-dominant”, and that while
Aph is inherent to all jungle and domestic fowl, Aph^I is a knockout mutation
that stops the production of Aph, thus also stopping the interaction genes that
depend on Aph for expression (most notably Mh). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">The visual effect sometimes
called ‘autosomal red’ is the combination of those genes that enhance autosomal
pheomelanin, making it deeper in tone and saturation. There is no gene
‘autosomal red’ as such, because this visual effect is the composite of
multiple genes. Of these genes, the only one that is known and thus fairly well
documented is Mahogany, which is often described as a eumelanic restrictor.
However, its primary manifestation is to enhance the pigment saturation in the
pheomelanic areas, with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">strongest effect occurring on those areas of
the body that are saturated with Aph</i></b>. In other words, Mahogany
expresses most strongly and fully in autosomal pheomelanic areas, such as the
shoulder or top of the head/outer ring of the hackle, where it shows very
little interaction with pheomelanic diluters. However, pheomelanic diluters can
have an effect on mahogany when it is saturating sex-linked pheomelanic areas,
such as the hackle or saddle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">When Aph and Mh are present
on s+ homozygotes, very dark, saturated reds are created such as Rhode Island
Reds, BB Red Cubalaya, Dark Brown Leghorns, Speckled Sussex, etc. However, Aph
and Mh can occur on S homozygotes and there they produce, as one example,
cream-colored hackles/saddles and dark red shoulders in males with similar
hackles and very dark red/brown breasts and shoulders in females on the duckwing
allele, e+. Aph and/or Aph^I effects and interacts with all the e-alleles, and
is not just an expression of the duckwing allele. The interactions of Aph and
Aph^I with the e-alleles will be the topic of a forthcoming article, as there
is not space in this one for that discussion. Suffice to say, Aph and Aph^I can
and do occur on all of the e-alleles, even if they remain unseen due to full
melanization, as is the case with black varieties (which, by the way, can have
any combination of Aph/Aph^I and S/s+ under their melanization).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the opposite end of the spectrum
from full saturation of Aph (the so-called autosomal red’), what could then be
called ‘autosomal silver’ is the combination of genes that help to “whiten” the
silver pigment. The most basic is Aph^I, which restricts the expression of
Autosomal pheomelanin. I wish to stress the action of Aph^I here. It actively suppresses
the expression of Aph and those genes dependant upon Aph for expression <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">even</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">when
they are present</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with the
autosomal red visual effect, other genes are layered on the Aph^I base to help
in the whitening effect by suppressing the expression of any Aph interaction
genes, thus allowing full expression of the (S) sex-linked silver allele. Now
let’s think about what that means for a moment in order to really get this
point. Aph^I and its interaction factors tends to not just be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘absence’</i> of Aph, but are factors which
seem to actively suppress Aph and its interaction factors even when they are
present, creating a stark with to near white plumage in the pheomelanic zones
(think of a true, clean silver of any variety – and true, clean white-silver is
rare in all varieties calling for it as most are brassy, which means that the
entire set of dilution effects are not present and/or Aph^I is heterozygous
while the s-allele is homozygous for S).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much as in the multigenic ‘autosomal red’
visual effect, when in interaction with Aph^I other genes help to intensify the
effect of pheomelanic reduction. There are several genes that interact with (S)
silver to create a lighter phenotype. Dilute, cream and others help to suppress
pheomelanic pigments, with the greatest effect of these genes being on
sex-linked pheomelanin. As an example, this allows one to have a bird
homozygous for cream but with a deep mahogany shoulder, as cream interacts with
sex-linked pheomelanin, but not with autosomal pheomelanin. However, when cream
is in recombination with Aph^I along with S/S, it helps to whiten the silver
areas through further diluting them. Likely dilute has a similar effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The genetic factors that work with
Aph^I are in many ways an undiscovered country. Since Autosomal pheomelanin has
been little studied or recognized for the last century, these genes remain to
be discovered and understood. The same is true for those red saturating
factors, beyond Mahogany, as clearly, all Mahogany expressing lines do not show
the same shade. I suspect that some of the recessive black factors interact
with Aph and Mahogany to create far darker shades of red, but there may be
other genes that do this as well.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">Proposed Genes and Definitions<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here I will present a small list of
the proposed factors involved in the autosomal pheomelanic complex.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Aph</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> –Autosomal pheomelanin is a proposed
autosomal dominant factor found in all chickens and all four species of jungle
fowl, which distributes non-sex-linked pheomelanin within the target regions as
determined by the e-allele (to be discussed further in a later article).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Aph^I</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> –Inhibitor of Autosomal pheomelanin is a
proposed dominant factor, which restricts the distribution of non-sex-linked
pheomelanin within the target regions as determined from the e-allele. I
suggest that this is a simple knockout gene that turns off the expression of
Aph at some point along the developmental chain of pigment formation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">‘Autosomal red’</span></i></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> is the visual result of those factors, which layer onto Aph to make
visually dark red plumage areas, most notably mahogany (Mh), but possibly other
‘red intensifiers’ as well. ‘Autosomal red’ is not itself a single gene, but is
the visual expression of several genetic factors layered or stacked,
interacting, to produce the dark red areas perceived by the naked eye. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Mh</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> – Mahogany is an autosomal dominant gene
that interacts with pheomelanin to darken the tone, creating deep red to
reddish-brown tones. Mh is the best-known gene in the “autosomal red” complex
and is reliant upon the Aph base for expression. On Aph^I homozygotes, even if
they are s+/s+ (gold) homozygotes, Mh has little or no effect, due to the
suppression on Aph.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Autosomal silver’</span></i></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> is the visual result of those factors that interact with Aph^I to
make clean white silver plumage by suppressing Aph and its additive factors,
when in combination with the s-allele S (silver).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">S</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> – sex-linked silver, one of two alleles
at the s-locus, the other being the alternate allele s+ or “gold”. Silver
produces a dilution effect on the sex-linked pheomelanic areas, producing
pigment color ranging from medium yellow/gold to cream to off white to clean
white, depending upon interactions with Aph, Aph^I and other dilution factors
(such as dilute, cream, etc).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">s+</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> - sex-linked gold, the other allele at
the s-locus, which is an orange tone by nature, only becoming darker when
combined with Mahogany or other red intensifying factors, or lighter
(yellow/gold) when interacting with dilution factors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">____________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should be noted, that as of this
writing, no linkage or pleiotropy has been noted in any of the above-listed
genes or factors. Thus, any and all of these factors can segregate and
interact, creating a broad range of segregations and phenotypes that requires a
separate writing to begin to explain and illustrate. Suffice to say for now
that there is a broad range of segregations possible and that they run the
gambit from the cleanest, pure, white silver, to the darkest, deep red
mahogany, with many possibilities in between. A full description is beyond the scope
of this article, but will be the focus of articles to follow.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My intent herein has been to offer an
overview of the factors involved in the phenomena of autosomal pheomelanin, and
thereby to clarify my limited writings of the past on the subject and express
some of my deeper understanding based upon over fifteen years of observation and
test mating of these factors. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-22389935598920673222013-04-27T08:17:00.000-07:002013-04-27T08:17:00.361-07:00Pigmentation of the Red Junglefowl
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Pigmentation
of Gallus gallus</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Brian Reeder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To begin to understand the color forms of our domestic fowl, we should
first look at their major progenitor, the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), and
seek to understand the layers of pigments that create the true wildtype, red
duckwing color form. Once we understand how the three forms of melanin come
together to create that color form, then we can move on and begin to see how
the mutations in the domestic fowl redistribute or affect those pigments to
create the many color varieties we know.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The jumping-off point is to understand that there are three distinct
forms of melanin present in the wild type red duckwing pattern of the red
jungle fowl. The classical term for the red jungle fowl pattern would be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agouti</i>, (look at the chick down, which
is chipmunk patterned) but that term is not used in the hobby and rarely in the
classic poultry research literature. Instead the terms ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wildtype’</i>
or ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">duckwing’</i> are used to refer to
this expression, which is the MC1R gene known as the e-locus allele e+. The
e-locus alleles determine where the three melanins go on the feather areas and
how they layer upon each other in any given area. The three forms of melanin
are eumelanin (black pigment), sex-linked pheomelanin (the well-known z-chromosome,
s-locus genes s+ - sex-linked gold and S – sex-linked silver) and autosomal
pheomelanin, which is a different form of pheomelanin from the sex-linked type
not directly affected by the s-allele mutations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Autosomal pheomelanin is the least studied, recognized and understood of
the three forms of melanin, yet this form is present with and distributed by
all the e-alleles. It is most prominent and visible on the e-alleles e+ and eWh
in the females, but it is present with all the e-alleles and with both sexes.
There are no e-allele mutations that suppress autosomal pheomelanin, though E
and ER <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mask</i> this form of pheomelanin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">under</i> eumelanin (layering). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">While I will discuss autosomal pheomelanin as it relates to the red
jungle fowl in this article, it will not be the focus of this article, and will
be dealt with in much greater detail in a forthcoming article. I will
begin here with Autosomal pheomelanin (Aph).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">{</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Please note the change to the abbreviation from my
original published abbreviation of Ap. The designation Ap is already used to
denote an obscure featherless mutation that is not part of any hobby breeds and
thus was a mutation that had never drawn my interest or attention. My thanks to
my friend David Hancox for bringing this to my attention!} </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">What I will discuss below is a figurative method for understanding the areas of the plumage on both sexes of the duckwing allele e+. This should not be taken to imply that this is meant to describe any developmental processes or melanin studies. This is taken from my own observations of how these pigments seem to be layered into areas. Much of this is observable when other genes remove one pigment or another, allowing the underlying pigments to be seen. For instance when the eumelanin of the tail is suppressed by Db (Dark brown or 'ginger') combined with other eumelanic suppression genes genes on such alleles as eWh or perhaps ER, the pigment that is present in the tail is Aph based pheomelanin with saturation by sex-linked pheomelanin, etc.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">Aph</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> is
the key to understanding the red jungle fowl’s coloring, as Aph underlies the coloring
of the entire bird (</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">see image 1</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">). </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3qDFxRqKfz13pbym5eTiLgIGECxOkK3z99zbeioSozD-VKGcKG6J5N6fMKdxtcKReTQwkvAuJfvgYkkGsMSl-7sdo8usgkyHuLlgZpuiaT1ZvbVmtBOyLwOwCXl-3vnD4S0sNOnMZBryg/s1600/Image+1+Aph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3qDFxRqKfz13pbym5eTiLgIGECxOkK3z99zbeioSozD-VKGcKG6J5N6fMKdxtcKReTQwkvAuJfvgYkkGsMSl-7sdo8usgkyHuLlgZpuiaT1ZvbVmtBOyLwOwCXl-3vnD4S0sNOnMZBryg/s320/Image+1+Aph.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Image 1</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">There is much misunderstanding about this factor and many people want to call
it ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">autosomal red’</i>, thinking the vague
references by past researchers to the red shoulder of some sex-linked silver
males was a complete description of this factor. It is not, as the red shoulder
of males is but one aspect of Aph expression and comes about as an interaction
between Aph and mahogany (Mh) and is not the expression of Aph alone. Aph is in
fact not red. It is a warm colored salmon/cinnamon toned pigment. The most
obvious expression of this pigment, without interaction with other genes, is
the breast of unmodified duckwing hens. That salmon breast is the color of
autosomal pheomelanin without other coloring genes interacting with it. Aph is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NOT</i> effected in any way by the
sex-linked silver gene (S) as it is autosomal and not the same pigment. They
simply both happen to be forms of a pigment that we loosely call ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pheomelanin</i>’. This is so important to
understand in order to fully grasp how these three pigments work together to
make the finished phenotype.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Next is the sex-linked pheomelanin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see
image 2</i>) and on the red jungle fowl this is the wildtype form (s+) gold. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqj02Uv_MCipwhG4q_leZIGNsj267mitxBm94O9LVqEwzQ-YRxPyMImfiSPH1nd-8-rFNa7jDX-O8zEf01mNSwqyvtTCh3Ov97hyphenhyphen5ZBoL-STHoB1g7cSzyWZJrNGgXyLXGZpZj-LKovHf/s1600/Image+2+sex+linked+gold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqj02Uv_MCipwhG4q_leZIGNsj267mitxBm94O9LVqEwzQ-YRxPyMImfiSPH1nd-8-rFNa7jDX-O8zEf01mNSwqyvtTCh3Ov97hyphenhyphen5ZBoL-STHoB1g7cSzyWZJrNGgXyLXGZpZj-LKovHf/s320/Image+2+sex+linked+gold.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Image 2</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">It
is important to realize that unmodified gold (s+) is not red. It is an orange
tone. To make a red tone from either type of pheomelanin, other genes must
modify each type of pheomelanin. In the red jungle fowl on the e+ e-allele the
sex-linked pheomelanin is distributed in a dimorphic manner, which means that
it manifests differently in the male and the female. On the female, the most
obvious area of sex-linked pheomelanin is the hackle, where s+ layers over Aph
on most of the hackle (just as it does in the male). The area of the head and
hackle with the least expression of s+ is the upper head, the ring of feathers
around the face and the lower edges of the hackle down the front of the neck.
On the female, the entire back and cushion, much of the shoulder and the wing
also express s+ layered over Aph. On the male, we see the expression of s+ in
the saddles, but not in the shoulder or upper wing (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">more on this below</i>). The gene s+ is expressed in the main wing
feathers, creating the orange triangle we see when the wing is folded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Finally, we come to the third main pigment, eumelanin or black pigment (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see image 3</i>). </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6FCbBoBMEKJh6yhLOfGDyltxVfjF3dJvZqWk1iizzFP4oFzMIMc-CP8gZEkCnWHC1-IRQAIUywnM7RpqvG2Xfh5CXLA16WAItg2lmk4Jd12YpFyAAxpjRkqBxOEuQ6gci5H-AQ-bCLlV/s1600/Image+3+eumelanin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6FCbBoBMEKJh6yhLOfGDyltxVfjF3dJvZqWk1iizzFP4oFzMIMc-CP8gZEkCnWHC1-IRQAIUywnM7RpqvG2Xfh5CXLA16WAItg2lmk4Jd12YpFyAAxpjRkqBxOEuQ6gci5H-AQ-bCLlV/s320/Image+3+eumelanin.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Image 3</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Eumelanin expression is
very dimorphic and is most prominent on the male where it covers the breast and
the entire lower body and legs, as well as the tail and sickles and parts of
the wing. On the female, we see much less eumelanic expression where it is most
prominent on the tail and within the wing. However, there is also eumelanic
expression in the center stripe of the hackle and as stippling (small dots expressed
as a mild pattern and perhaps the precursor to pattern gene) across the entire
back, cushion, shoulder and much of the wing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now,
we have seen where the three main pigments are distributed and layered in both
sexes, but we are not completely finished, as there are two other factors that
modify these pigments to make the finished product in the wildtype red duckwing.
The first is dilution of the sex-linked pheomelanin and the second is
intensification to red of certain areas of autosomal pheomelanin (this involves
dimorphic expression). We acknowledge both of these factors as modifier genes
in domestic fowl and call one dilute (Di) and the other mahogany (Mh). However,
it is not clear if the two factors in the domestics are exactly the same gene
or alleles of these genes, or if the factors in the red junglefowl are actually
wildtype precursors to the genes we work with in the domestics. It has seemed
to me for some time that my results from numerous test-matings over many years
were suggesting that there was not just one form of dilute and mahogany. I
suspect that the forms of both of these factors seen in the red jungle fowl are
wildtype precursors to the more extreme versions seen in some domestic poultry
varieties. However, I do not have enough conclusive evidence to venture naming
the variations of either of these factors and suggest that much more research
needs to be done on these two factors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In spite of this lack of clarity as
to how many mutations or alleles there may be of these two factors, I can
conclude certain basic points about them. First, it is important to understand
that dilute has a strong effect on sex-linked pheomelanin but has very little
effect on Aph. Mahogany has little effect on sex-linked pheomelanin unless dilute
is absent, but has a great effect on Aph. In fact, you can say that Aph is the
platform necessary for the expression of mahogany, because if Aph is
suppressed, mahogany does not express in the phenotype (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">more on this in an upcoming article</i>). It is the combination of Aph
and mahogany that results in the phenotypic effect that past researchers have
called ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">autosomal red’</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Now, let us look at how these two factors come together on the red
jungle fowl to finish the phenotype (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see
image 4</i>). </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1XZG3_0eRTQeIF7YXIXf7rBDGCXWQo8yG0GX5PHOaExmlzVZFicMx89vtW5Y4Ec2dTSXiXqhU_0mT0nJF4rSjAvh5wxg72S9Wnzn-GW1XuAyeSPTbhN8plT6PbXmdRO-0JtSHqtHucx9E/s1600/Image+4+finished.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1XZG3_0eRTQeIF7YXIXf7rBDGCXWQo8yG0GX5PHOaExmlzVZFicMx89vtW5Y4Ec2dTSXiXqhU_0mT0nJF4rSjAvh5wxg72S9Wnzn-GW1XuAyeSPTbhN8plT6PbXmdRO-0JtSHqtHucx9E/s400/Image+4+finished.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Image 4</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Dilute reduces the concentration of sex-linked gold (s+). The
area of greatest dilution is the lower hackle, where sex-linked pheomelanin is
most concentrated in the hackles of both males and females. The upper hackle
has a lesser concentration of s+ and is not diluted to the same extent as the
lower hackle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The back and cushion
of the female show the effect of dilute, though it is less obvious due to the
layering of eumelanin as stippling. On the male, the dilution in the hackle is
nearly identical to the female and the saddles and wing triangle show mild
dilution, though not as much as in the lower hackles. Mahogany layers on
autosomal pheomelanin to create deep, rich red areas. This is very prominent on
the male shoulder, and while less so on the female shoulder, there will be a
mild expression of this effect, obscured somewhat by the stippling and shafting
on the female. On the male, there is a slight expression of mahogany on the rear
edge of the folded wing triangle and at the forward edge of the saddles. On both
sexes there is a strong mahogany expression around the face, on the top of the
head, on the outer edge of the hackles and to a lesser extent on the upper
hackle. The mahogany seen on the wildtype red jungle fowl does not seem to have
a strong effect on the autosomal pheomelanic female breast, unlike some
expressions of mahogany seen in domestic strains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As can be seen, this wildtype color form is not just the expression of
the e-allele. The e-allele determines where the three pigments go and how they
layer, while two modifier genes then create visual extremes within the two
forms of pheomelanin. It is a very elegant color pattern, designed by natural
selection to create a pattern that is broken up and able to blend more
efficiently with the natural environment. Solid colors are not efficient for
blending into the background, thus we see a complicated layering and shading of
the three forms of melanin, with the two forms of pheomelanin being further
modified into visual extremes to create an array of shades designed to blend
into the background by breaking up the outline of the bird and so help to ensure
survival. From this, we can see that the old way of looking at red duckwing as
simply e+ s+ is very simplistic and inefficient. For those who are comfortable
using the gene abbreviations, wildtype red duckwing would be written as e+/e+
s+/s+ (male) or s+/~ (female) Aph/Aph Di/Di Mh/Mh.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-65835811216992083152012-07-27T21:59:00.005-07:002012-07-27T21:59:44.338-07:00Genetics and Selection<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Heritable
Traits<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">The Use of
Genetics and Selection in Breeding Poultry</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">By<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Brian Reeder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the hobby
of breeding domestic fowl, we tend to focus on the issue of genetics as a
one-trait/one-gene affair. This is not always the case and linkage can produce
what appears to be one gene that is actually several genes coming together and
interacting with the chemical pathways of pigment production to make the
finished phenotype. Many other factors can combine to make the appearance of a
“gene” that is in actuality several genes, linked or not, interacting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we do in the hobby when we speak
of “genes” is to actually describe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>heritable
factors</u></i>. A heritable factor is often observed to show a distinct
Mendelian genetic segregation ratio. In many case, the heritable factor is
likely, in fact, a single gene with a noted dominance or recessiveness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, in some cases a heritable
factor is not a single gene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pattern gene is a noted example of multi-gene interactions involving
linkages. We say that there is one pattern gene (Pg). Carefoot showed good
statistical evidence that this is so and that there is one major gene,
interacting with a handful of other well-known heritable factors or “genes” to
produce the range of patterned varieties we see in the modern exhibition
breeds. I agree with his assessments. I have however noted that “pattern gene”
can show a range of expressions. Some of these are of course examples of
various levels of heterozygosity, both for needed factors and unneeded factors
that are detrimental to the desired visual phenotype. In other cases, testing
suggests that birds can be homozygotes for all the needed genes and yet they do
not express that same type of expression. Lacing is a prime example of this. Lacing
requires the linkage group of Pg/db+/Ml with Co and preferably on ER or eb. Er
birds also require the gene Db, which is in a linkage pattern with Ml and Pg.
However lacing ranges from a very fine lace to a heavy, muddy lace on both
e-alleles. I have seen cases of lacing that were on the same e-allele and
tested at homozygosity for the required genes, but produced drastically
different lacing and outcrosses of the two, in generations past the F1 tended
to segregate into one type or the other; fine laced or heavy laced. Are we
seeing two different alleles of Pg? Two different genes completely that do very
similar things, or perhaps we are seeing the effect of another gene such as a
melanizer or even a factor that merely modifies the expression of the lace? Could
there be a factor that changes the expression of Pg at some point in the
developmental pigment pathway? I don’t know, but there are clearly such
differences across the entire expression of the heritable factor Pg and my
observations suggest that the differences are in some way heritable, and
segregating, as one would expect for a Mendelian gene. Such questions are
fascinating and may in time be answered.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the hobby, we would seek to test mate to produce statistical models
of segregation pattern. We then name a gene, using our statistics to prove the
unseen presence of a strand of DNA somewhere on a chromosome. This is the
research model of one hundred years ago. It is usable, as far as it goes, but
it may be a poor model for naming and designating genes. It is more attuned to
diagnosing heritable factors. Heritable factors may not always have a basis on
a one-gene/one-trait scenario. However, that does not mean they are not useful.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the real world of laboratory research, where actual genes (groups of
DNA base pairs working in unison to produce specific proteins) are mapped and
traits linked to such, we see a real capacity to name a “gene”. When they say
that they have mapped the gene, they mean that literally. In the hobby, when we
say that we have discovered a gene, we have actually observed a heritable
factor. Beyond really large and long range data collection using huge numbers,
it is not very credulous to put too much faith in the small numbers we work
with to definitively declare a “gene”, because we in no way have observed such.
With that said though, the observation of a heritable pattern is still useful
and factual. A hobbyist doesn’t need to know where the gene is or the
designation given by the scientists who have mapped a given gene. What the
hobbyist who wishes to pursue any given phenotype or trait needs to know is
heritable probabilities. Some factors have very good statistical data to
confirm that they are truly a gene, in the literal sense, and in some cases,
our friends in the laboratory are showing us where those genes actually are in
the DNA. To me, this is extremely fascinating and engrossing. I suspect that in
time, such research will become extremely useful to the hobbyists of the
future. I just hope I live to see the hand held chicken egg scanner that tells
you if the embryo is alive and its entire genetic structure so you can decide
whether to set the egg or not. I visualize it looking much like a tricorder from
Star Trek, or perhaps even as an app for your Iphone. Until then, however, for
the most part, we rely on observed and observable data concerning heritable
traits. There is probably a high correlation between observed traits and DNA
segments, but the important part is to understand how the factor behaves and if
it is a simple factor or a complex factor. The former can be followed with a
simple Mendelian ratio while the later requires a quantitative approach. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So how does the hobbyist apply the
gathered knowledge of domestic fowl heritable factors? They decide what traits
they are selecting for, first and foremost. Most will focus on color, while
some will focus on form and a few will work on more intangible traits. The
first step is to really, honestly, assess where you want to focus and then make
a list of the traits that are most important. Here is where you are going to
focus. However, it is not impossible to give a large range of traits some
consideration. I would respectfully suggest that everyone could benefit their
birds and themselves by selecting for hardiness and heritable disease
resistance. Some deeply inbred lines could use an outcross here and there to
something that isn’t nearly as bottle necked as they are. Aggressive birds are
not always a joy to work with and birds with poor egg production make
reproduction difficult and the possibility of a bottleneck become that much
higher. If we first remember that no matter which “breed” we are working with
we are breeding domestic fowl, then we can select for a healthy and functional
domestic fowl as well as the traits that make it the given “breed”. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selection for many traits requires a
quantitative approach. Select a few traits that are most important to you and
these are given the most emphasis, scoring higher in your evaluation. The
absence of said traits can be cause to eliminate a bird if the heritable factor
is generally dominant. The absence of a recessive gene in the phenotype can
still make for a useful breeder, if it is a heterozygote for the gene. However,
do not stop there and note a whole range of factors so you can know your line.
Evaluate it honestly and when all else is equal in your priority traits, select
the individuals with the best secondary traits on your list. In each
generation, your goal is to merely increase the presence of as many of your
selected traits as possible. The actual increase can be small, perhaps only
five or ten percent, but if you are seeing any percentage of increase in trait
expression then you are making progress on the population as a whole. That is
how you form a strain. A strain is a highly selected line of relatives. They
produce recognizable combinations in most instances. On the level of selection
for heritable traits, concentrating the selected heritable traits into high expression
in the phenotype is the hallmark of a ‘strain’. This also implies high levels
of homozygosity for the heritable factors, such as genes, gene combinations, or
other modifying interactions that may affect the phenotype.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The key to fast progress in heritable trait selection is to obtain very
homozygous stock from a strain or to work with large numbers in order to apply
selection pressure to increase the homozygosity for the targeted traits. The
smaller the number raised, the slower your progress may be. However, even when
working with small numbers, selection albeit limited, can still be applied.
Genetic knowledge can be of great use to the person who can only work with a
small number of individuals but wants to create some type of advancement with
their stock. The best advice I can offer is to look for very hardy, fertile
lines with good production and temperament and then bring in traits from
outside of that line where needed through outcrosses to create your target
phenotype. If you can find a strain with good domestic fowl qualities and
expressing highly bred phenotype traits, they are jewels of great value and can
both be bred as-is and used in improving other lines with similar heritable
traits. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are a few well know
varieties of certain exhibition breeds that are noted for being very well bred,
with many good traits combined. They usually aren’t the most ‘fru-fru’ and
frilly, but they are very good, sound birds that are a joy to work with and can
be used to reinvigorate a great many breeds that share one or two major traits
in common. When using this technique, a working knowledge of heritability
traits can be valuable. </span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-37712153122426851592011-08-27T11:19:00.000-07:002011-08-27T11:50:17.932-07:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9CmXm298j3zQ2LNMzDFEMGJOjU6xVPsPTX3dy4e4mpg5hoNXkR0oGUgWxcxoALzi7T_qEQGSzgZv2iqLJ4CYTBHjsSmvrnDu-koaEogaQDCpsP-OaagAkxz8qPpBqhRy7ZZepZvjUyW4/s1600/langsil.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9CmXm298j3zQ2LNMzDFEMGJOjU6xVPsPTX3dy4e4mpg5hoNXkR0oGUgWxcxoALzi7T_qEQGSzgZv2iqLJ4CYTBHjsSmvrnDu-koaEogaQDCpsP-OaagAkxz8qPpBqhRy7ZZepZvjUyW4/s320/langsil.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645602662903716530" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span style="font-size:130%;color:#ffffff;"><b>Silhouette</b></span></span></span><div><b>
<br /></b><div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Brian Reeder</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-size:12.0pt;"><b>
<br /></b></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">
<br /></b></div><div>An Overview<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-size:12.0pt;"><b>
<br /></b></span></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The silhouette is the outline of the bird. It is a solid black image that focuses attention on the outline of the form.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The definition of ‘silhouette’ from Wikipedia is: “<b>silhouette</b>; the image of a person, an object or scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior, with the silhouetted object usually being black. Traditionally, a silhouette is a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"><span style="color:black;">artwork</span></a><span style="color:black;">,</span> the term originating in the 18th century and applied to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"><span style="color:black;">portraits</span></a><span style="color:black;"> </span>or other pictorial representations cut from thin black card.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">In poultry breeding, we use the silhouette to understand how the various traits we are selecting for in our lines create a unique outline, recognizable when completely devoid of detail.</p><p class="MsoNormal">All the classical exhibition breeds are recognizable by silhouette alone if you have much experience with poultry at all. A glance at the silhouette of a Polish makes self-evident what is being indicated, and so too with the Cochin or the Japanese Bantam. Each of the junglefowl shows unique and discernable silhouettes, and while some Asian Game strains are called jungle fowl, their silhouette makes it immediately apparent that they are not really jungle fowl at all, but very modified domestics.</p><p class="MsoNormal">When lines are well selected for the expression of their target form genes, combinations occur that are very recognizable, once you have some familiarity with the breeds either through maintaining them or seeing them regularly at shows. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The common denominator is the silhouette, the outline of the bird, regardless of any factors. Certainly, some recognizable color varieties immediately tell you what you are likely seeing, such as mille fleur, but the D’Uccle is recognizable based on its outline rather than only one of the breeds many color varieties.</p><p class="MsoNormal">There are instances of overlap with some breeds. Some bantam Cornish might be hard to tell apart in silhouette from some Japanese Shamo bantams while some of the simple formed breeds, being jungle fowl like in form, can be harder to tell apart in silhouette unless you are very familiar with them.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Many of the American breeds are very similar in silhouette, but this should come as no surprise as they all have common ancestry through Chinese fowl imported in the mid to late eighteen-hundreds.</p><p class="MsoNormal">These again can be harder for the un-experienced to tell apart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>However, a Rock and a Cochin are not mistakable for the other and are immediately distinguishable by their outline, and neither would be mistaken for an Onagadori, whose silhouette is vastly different from the other two. So how can we begin to understand how the Genes of Form and Feathering come together to make the silhouette?</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjiLJiIkCJMlY1yryJJKsgNYvae_aAktGxO8TwvwobbPeIaU75y1nRje59-ylHAxzBs67qNJBJz991-ZzpGf3etk2sELR6hEKwzYbOuCZ3AvVgyTykxfAmiAIH9mWs720ipsrUGaX7qzbH/s320/polsil.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645602996166937874" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 246px; height: 320px; " /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Silhouette as Composite of Form and Feathering Traits<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal">Three groups of heritable factors come together to make the silhouette: skeletal, muscular and feathering. This is not to imply that any of the genes within any given group is related in any way, only to put them into three easily recognizable groups to make our purpose of understanding the silhouette easier. The subject of the genetic factors of these three categories is complex and some of these factors are quantitative in nature.</p><div><p class="MsoNormal">With the release of my latest book, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">‘An Introduction to Form and Feathering of the Domestic Fowl’</i></b>, I have documented many of these factors. I have classified the heritable factors I discuss by the three categories that make up the silhouette; skeleton, muscles and feathering with the comb-type crowning the silhouette. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>I will list here from the contents some of the genes I discuss in the book that relate directly to the silhouette.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Genes of Form and </b><b>Feathe</b><b>ring</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Skeleton<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Wild Type <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Extension<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Shortening<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Horizontal/Vertical<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Tail Bud, Tail Angle and Taillessness<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Polydactyly<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Muscle<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Wild Type<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Muscle Increase<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Muscle Decrease</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Feather<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Wild Type<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Fast and Slow Feathering<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Feather Shortening<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Feather Lengthening<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Feather Count<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Feather Thickness<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hen feathering<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Leg Feathering<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Vulture Hocks<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Tight and Loose Feathering</span></i></p></div><div> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Hookless<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Frizzling<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Crest and Tuft<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Muff and Beard<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Ear Tufts<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Nakedness<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Comb and Wattle<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Single Comb<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Rose Comb<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Pea Comb<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Duplex Comb<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Buttercup Comb<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Composite Combs<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Comb and Wattle Size<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>As you can see, there are many heritable factors involved in the three categories that make the silhouette. The discussion of those genetic factors is too long for this article, but we can briefly consider the three categories and how they come together to make the silhouette.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoRH_yg9EghYmsMqjIxMM2qnGKZy8MrA51fw5kXWWzTZBnmcUBuZP9hfvPmVPHqkx24uwVCAAHz_GKK-4RR6U3v4sFW0Lt6NPrI7PL1Bjstg3-57KWp31XOQff5TTu1hx-MoRx8-MnoWTg/s320/yokosil.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645603444167181666" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 288px; " /><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Building The Silhouette<o:p></o:p></b></p></div><div>The skeleton is the structure upon which all else is based. The skeleton genes will determine how everything else is distributed. The muscles are arranged upon the skeleton and it is the skeleton that determines the plains of the form, the angles that determine the kinesthetic orientation and the center of gravity. </div><div><p class="MsoNormal">Skeletal genes can make a shortened form with short extremities (neck, legs, etc) and a forward tilted orientation wherein the center of gravity is to the front of the body, or skeletal genes can make a vertical form with long extremities and the center of gravity directly over the legs.</p><div>These are but two extremes and a wide range of phenotypes are seen in between them. The wildtype skeleton of the jungle fowls is generally horizontal with the center of gravity to the center of the body, just in front of the legs, over the front toes. When excited, jungle fowl may raise the front part of the body and the center of gravity shifts back slightly centering over the legs. When they travel in brush they drop the front of the body down and the center of gravity shifts forward slightly. The three major stances of jungle fowl are exaggerated in the many phenotypes seen in the domestic fowl.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These variations all originate in the skeletal genes.</div> <div>
<br /></div><div>Once the skeleton is in place, the muscles layer on the skeleton and fill out the form. The level of muscling, either increased or decreased, fills out the body of the bird. </div><div>To get a good idea of how muscling can change the form, think of this progression; Modern Game - Jungle Fowl - Cornish. The jungle fowl represents wildtype while the Modern Game is muscle decrease and the Cornish is muscle increase. These two variations on wildtype are quantitative, so this is not a case of two simple genes. It is also important to bear in mind that feathering can disguise muscling. Loose feathers on decreased muscling can mimic muscle increase. Extremely profuse breeds such as Cochin may appear robust, but this is too often not through muscling. The surest method to determine muscling in any bird that is not tight-feathered is to simply handle the bird. Marek’s Virus can cause muscle diminution and this can often be mistaken for muscle decrease as in Modern Game. </div>
<br /><div>It is not the same and many breeds that are small or profusely feathered show the effects of Marek’s that shouldn’t. Marek’s virus is common in our poultry but recent research shows there to be several variations of genetic resistance for Marek’s, so selection for resistance can eliminate that form of undesirable muscle diminution.</div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Feathering is the glory of our fowl. Feathers define birds. There are many feathering genes in our domestic fowl. The most important and fundamental variation is tight, hard feathering and loose, soft feathering. The subject of feathering in the domestic fowl is complex and there are several quantitative factors.</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">Since it is such a large topic, it is impossible to discuss here, but I cannot stress enough how vital the feathering genes are to the finished silhouette. Just image what a Cochin might look like with no feathers, as compared to what a Cornish would look like with no feathering. Finally, the comb genes make the crown that sits upon the head of the silhouette. While the comb is a small point in the overall silhouette, it is the finishing touch.</p><div>
<br /></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi02VevXUFFbRjYMUzIN8We8yRFKMJJCStntifiAoruJyXxMrvL1TEsA7KpfShZRNMzAUcMpG-kJKTrTk4MRuIu7jvT_z98OtcZg3bIKZaqh_Pq1gTElseXH8WFopXvjj-ieWd0-kug_S-/s320/silksil.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645604565775309586" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 215px; height: 320px; " /><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Applying the Silhouette to Breeding<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Silhouettes are easily made in any paint program. I use a free version of Gimp. Using a picture of your own bird in a side stance, use the paintbrush to white out the background and then blacken in the bird. You may need to increase the screen image size at times and you will need to use variable sizes of the paintbrush, but it is very easy to do. Once you have turned your bird into a silhouette, find or make a silhouette of show winning birds or standard images.</p><div>
<br /></div><div>Compare your bird’s silhouette to the standard and/or exhibition winners. In this way, you can find the weak points in your bird’s overall form and aim your breeding toward correcting the problem areas. It is very helpful in selecting birds for phenotype to become acquainted with the desired silhouette as well as the silhouettes of your own birds. This can be an invaluable tool in selecting toward the desired type in any breeding endeavor. It is also a wonderful way to step back from color selection and consider the form. I hope you try making your own silhouettes. I believe you will find it a useful tool in the breeder’s toolbox.</div>
<br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnODke10lKdjo1XId5MEzP0qzm6AHqoFcxpOMtVvLdviNEJ1OsnFWnlc_tTJTSIC1aB17hd2IYQpBak6qEFfFRU96o03yaytkeI1vVeGuHB7wa7JcJlyKOJWjQwLuqxmddOFvaJ46hhQtO/s320/8sizevariationspage.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645606380675737826" style="text-align: left;float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 234px; height: 320px; " /><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <!--EndFragment--></div></div></div>Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-37573011962084564472011-05-21T22:27:00.000-07:002011-06-02T20:10:30.631-07:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 18px; font-family:Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; font: normal normal bold 22px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;">Press Release: An Introduction to Form and Feathering of the Domestic Fowl</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; "><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2930157772755599357" style="width: 536px; position: relative; line-height: 1.4; "><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdhqo1Xgtz60EBFb7vRx_IM6nlSVeekdCSKwW1E4gjBDIEoNNBAeE2JE0Q1_NAwz0ufHibKNwQl2oRUTv_hRtutWH9nyqOAW-qrju11FHFhKOx5CtBJD7pfbSz3xXg2gF_EeN6jVBhqt8/s1600/coverimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; "><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdhqo1Xgtz60EBFb7vRx_IM6nlSVeekdCSKwW1E4gjBDIEoNNBAeE2JE0Q1_NAwz0ufHibKNwQl2oRUTv_hRtutWH9nyqOAW-qrju11FHFhKOx5CtBJD7pfbSz3xXg2gF_EeN6jVBhqt8/s320/coverimage.jpg" width="247" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; position: relative; padding-top: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: transparent; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " /></a></div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">Sunday May 22, 2011</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 50px; font-size:x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">An Introduction to Form and Feathering of the Domestic Fowl</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;">By</span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;"><br /></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;">Brian Reeder</span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;"><br /><br /></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;">This informative new volume is the second release in Mr. Reeder's series of guide books to breeding and genetics. Specifically dealing with the Domestic Fowl, the ubiquitous chicken, this volume deals with form, complimenting the first book in the series, 'An Introduction to Color Forms of the Domestic Fowl'.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#66FFFF;"><br /><br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">In this introduction to the genetics of form and feathering of the domestic fowl you will find a straightforward method that allows anyone, beginner or advanced hobbyist, to understand how the major genes of forms and feathering come together to create the silhouette that is the hallmark of each breed. Beginning with a discussion of the skeleton genes, then moving to muscling genes, feather genes and finally to comb genes, an understanding of the layers that make the silhouette is revealed. From this system of understanding how the silhouette is formed, one can then understand what really makes one breed unique from another.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">All of the genes presented herein are found in the commonly seen exhibition breeds and many hobbyists will be familiar with these breeds, but may be less familiar with the genetic factors involved. This volume is a wonderful tool for learning the basis of how the breeds are made, how their respective forms are derived from separate genes of form and feathering, and how those genes all come together to make the form of any given breed. Many genes are required to derive each type and the combination of those many genes creates the silhouette. As you will see from the many silhouette illustrations on this book, once you know a breed, it is instantly recognizable from the silhouette alone.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">In addition to the discussion of the genes, there is a discussion of basic genetic concepts and of the complex and often confusing method of quantitative that is very applicable to many of the genes described herein. This book presents a very clear system for learning about the genetics of form and feathering in the domestic fowl and is written to be understood by the young and beginners alike.</span></span></i></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2930157772755599357" style="width: 536px; position: relative; line-height: 1.4; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><br /></span></span></i></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2930157772755599357" style="width: 536px; position: relative; line-height: 1.4; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Available at Authorhouse.com and Amazon.com</span></span></i></div></span>Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1995179709880703232.post-72273750561837515702011-05-10T23:32:00.000-07:002011-06-02T20:05:58.925-07:00An Excerpt from the newly released... 'An Introduction to Form and Feathering of the Domestic Fowl'<span style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Quantitative Traits and Selection Methods<br /><br />By<br />Brian Reeder<br /><br /><br /> Quantitative traits are common in the phenotypes of domestic fowl. Unlike qualitative traits that produce the classic 1:2:1 pattern of inheritance, quantitative traits vary over a continuous range and are the result of alleles of two or more genes. Large numbers of birds are needed to select for traits of a given preferred combination. In observing a group of birds, one should note the range of expression of a given trait. As an example, let us consider the single comb for a moment. When I say single comb, we all have a basic agreement about what that word means. It is a blade comb, flattened with triangular teeth or points at the top row. In this basic regard, the description is exact, but we all know from observation and experience that the expressions of the single-comb can range tremendously. Combs can be huge and tall and very thick, or they can be large and thin, flopping easily and very susceptible to frostbite. There are tiny single combs that are thick and tiny single combs that are very thin in width.<br /><br />Some single combs are rough while others are smooth. The numbers of points varies widely as does the exact size and shape of the points and the blade section on the back. Folds, lines, creases and many other strain-specific traits are also seen on this comb type. Some lines of single comb birds are deeply homozygous for their phenotype expression and their single comb expression breeds true and may be very prepotent in outcrosses. Other lines are segregating for a given number of traits and so their single combs are not of one consistent form. Consistent gene expression in the phenotype implies homozygosity for the alleles in question.<br /><br />As an example, let us say you want to make a small thick comb that does not get frostbite. You have set out a parameter for a trait that may represent more than one gene. You begin by selecting those birds that express the individual traits you want to combine as well as those that are coming closest to the ideal expression.<br /><br />As you blend each generation, you are looking for intensifications of traits as well as further recombination, working to bring all traits together as homozygous in one population. In each generation you will be looking for an increase of percentage in the given areas of selection, with an eye toward a total increase of multi-trait expressing individuals.<br /><br />In our single comb example, you would note and select those with rough combs, small combs and thick combs. Those that had two traits combined and those that had three traits combined would also be noted and they would be given some level of preference. Multiple mating schemes could then be employed for both blending traits to get the multi-gene recombinant homozygotes and for intensifying the expression of homozygosity in recessives in general. Each generation should show an increase in the desired traits if your matings are well planned and you know what you are looking for. Each population or line within the over-all group is scored for every trait in the set of traits being selected for. In this way, the percentages of increase for any trait can be gauged in each line of the population.<br /><br />To manage quantitative selection you need to pay attention to trends in the population. Those birds that show the greatest expression of desired traits are the most likely candidates to further express the trait and for enhancing expression into a more extreme (homozygous for a very specific combination) expression. This is easily done when the background genetics support the expression of the desired traits, especially if many or all of those traits happen to be dominant factors, making their early expression more obvious. Selection for major phenotype groups of factors may actually be practicing some level of selection on many, many more alleles than the simple explanation of single gene traits would imply.<br /><br />With recessive genes or when both dominant and recessive traits are involved, the production of homozygotes is necessary to see the recessive effect. This can make selection more difficult. In the case of a recessive trait, pedigree is much more important, as recessives cannot be seen in the phenotype. Thus, you may find yourself frequently working with generations that do not express some or all of your desired phenotypic expressions.<br /><br />The recombination of phenotypic expression in a multi-gene recessive scenario is difficult and requires a multi-pronged approach, patience, good record-keeping, large numbers of birds, and a focus on homozygotes. In this instance, we may only see very small incremental increases in gene expression for the total expression of all involved alleles for several generations. Yet, as later generations reach high expressions of homozygosity, the numbers will tilt and the population expression will begin to be set and express in high percentages.<br /><br />In summary, quantitative selection is picking those that look the most the way you want them to look and selecting in that direction each generation. You may need to be patient if you are working toward expression of a large number of recessive traits. With dominant traits, you may get faster results due to being able to visually identify heterozygotes. Select for those birds with the most traits you want and as you see some increase (even if just a five or ten percent increase per generation) then you are heading in the right direction.</span></span>Brian Reederhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03415176968742744265noreply@blogger.com